Care and Renovation of Textiles
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Questions and Answers

What type of solutions are ketchup and mustard stains classified as?

  • Liquid solutions
  • Semi-solid, semi-liquid solutions (correct)
  • Solid solutions
  • Organic solutions

What role do surfactants play in stain removal?

  • They absorb moisture from the fabric.
  • They help to remove, separate and suspend stain components. (correct)
  • They enhance the color of the fabric.
  • They oxidize the stains to break them down.

How do bleaches assist in the stain removal process?

  • They make stains more water-soluble by breaking down molecules. (correct)
  • They increase the viscosity of the stain.
  • They bind with the fabric to strengthen its fibers.
  • They enhance the fragrance of the fabric.

What type of stains do enzymes specifically target?

<p>Protein and starch stains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method of applying pre-treatment products?

<p>Using spray, squeeze bottles, or solid sticks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended use of baking soda in stain removal?

<p>To absorb moisture and odors from wet stains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the natural acidity in lemon and lime on stains?

<p>It serves as a natural bleaching agent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should baking soda be applied for effective stain removal?

<p>As a paste mixed with water on the stain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lemon or lime juice when applied to stains?

<p>It begins bleaching the stain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which type of stain is corn starch particularly effective?

<p>Oily or greasy stains. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long should you allow hydrogen peroxide to sit on a stain before washing the garment?

<p>10 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of stains does salt work best on?

<p>Red wine stains. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should dish soap be used to effectively remove stains?

<p>Rub it in with your fingers or a soft-bristled brush. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What caution should be taken when using lemon or lime juice on clothing?

<p>It may bleach colored clothing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action if salt does not significantly lighten a red wine stain after 10 minutes?

<p>Apply more salt and let it sit longer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using corn starch on a stain?

<p>To absorb the stain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the invention of synthetic laundry detergents during WWI?

<p>A shortage of fats and oils for making soap (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances were used as the basic raw materials for laundry soaps in the early 20th century?

<p>Fats/oils and alkalis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of surfactants in detergents?

<p>To increase the wetting power of water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred in the laundry detergent market by 1953?

<p>Sales of detergents surpassed that of soap (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of detergent is characterized by the presence of caustic soda?

<p>Alkaline detergent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are built detergents known for?

<p>Improving detergent performance for heavy-duty cleaning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of synthetic detergent has a negatively charged head?

<p>Anionic detergent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are current laundry detergents classified?

<p>By their performance as heavy-duty or light-duty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are inhibitors added to certain detergent formulations?

<p>To reduce corrosion on metal surfaces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one drawback of traditional laundry soaps?

<p>They combine with water hardness minerals, forming deposits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes synthetic detergents from traditional soaps?

<p>Synthetic detergents function well in hard water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes non-detergent soap from other cleaning agents?

<p>It is made by reacting alkalis with natural fats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common application for synthetic detergents?

<p>Cleaning metal surfaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of products fall under the category of laundry aids?

<p>Bleaches, fabric softeners, and enzyme pre-soakers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a synthetic detergent?

<p>Sodium lauryl sulphate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic allows certain detergents to produce foam in ice-cold water?

<p>Incorporation of surfactants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result of the saponification process involving alkalis and fats?

<p>Glycerol and fatty acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of soap is specifically used for personal hygiene?

<p>Toilet soaps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Total Fat Matter (TFM) indicate about a soap?

<p>The cleaning material content in the soap (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of soap is designed primarily for aesthetic appeal?

<p>Novelty soaps (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why have laundry soaps historically had lower cleaning power?

<p>They are made from natural fats and oils with few additives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common ingredients are found in modern beauty soaps?

<p>Shea butter and coconut oil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of water should be used for laundering synthetic fabrics?

<p>Luke-warm water or cold water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one reason for the spread of soap usage in the US?

<p>The connection between personal hygiene and disease prevention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should silky fabrics be rinsed after washing?

<p>In cold water to remove soap completely (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is not true about beauty soaps?

<p>They are primarily for cleaning garments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should synthetic fabrics not be squeezed tightly after washing?

<p>To avoid wrinkles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for washing knitted woolen clothes?

<p>Kneading and squeezing in mild alkaline soap solution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should woolen clothes be dried after washing?

<p>Flat on a surface in shade (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to store woolen clothes?

<p>Along with mothballs or ordinal tablets when completely dry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided when laundering silks?

<p>Soaking the fabrics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to maintain the shape of knitted woolen clothes after washing?

<p>Put them back onto the paper draft taken before washing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Solvent

A substance that dissolves other substances, particularly in a liquid form.

Like Dissolves Like

The principle that states substances with similar proprieties tend to dissolve in each other.

Surfactant

A substance that helps remove, separate, and suspend stain components from fabric.

Bleach

A chemical that breaks down and decolorizes stain molecules, making them more soluble in water.

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Enzyme

A biological catalyst that breaks down specific types of stains like proteins and starches.

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Pre-treatment

A technique using various agents and methods to remove stains before washing.

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Baking Soda

A powdery substance that absorbs moisture and odor, aiding in removing wet stains.

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Lemon/Lime

A natural acid acting as a bleaching agent, effective for pre-treating stains.

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Lemon/Lime Juice

A natural bleaching agent found in lemons and limes, used to lighten stains before washing. It works by breaking down stain molecules.

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Non-Detergent Soap

A cleaning agent that's made by reacting alkalis with natural fats, like vegetable oils or animal fats.

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Hydrogen Peroxide

A chemical solution commonly used as a bleaching agent. It works by breaking down pigments in stains, making them easier to remove.

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Detergent

A type of cleaning agent that removes soil through both physical and chemical processes, depending on its makeup and the stain.

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Cornstarch

A fine powdery substance that absorbs oily and greasy substances. It acts like a sponge, soaking up the stain before washing.

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Lime Soap (Curd)

The combination of a non-detergent soap with minerals in hard water, resulting in a sticky residue on clothes and washing machines.

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Salt

A common household item that absorbs red wine stains. It works by binding the stain molecules, making them easier to remove.

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Dish Soap

A type of soap specifically formulated to break down greasy substances. It is used to pre-treat stains before washing.

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Builders

Chemicals added to detergents that enhance cleaning power, like phosphates, which help with heavy duty cleaning.

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Laundry Aids

Laundry products designed for various uses, like bleaching stains, softening fabrics, or removing odors.

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Pre-treating Stains

A method of removing stains before washing, involving applying a suitable agent to the stain and letting it sit for a certain time.

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Rubbing in Stain Remover

A technique involving gently rubbing a stain with a suitable product to loosen and lift it before washing.

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WWII Era

The time period when household detergents took over from soap due to wartime shortages and their superior cleaning properties.

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Washing After Pre-treatment

The process of washing clothes after pre-treating and rubbing in stain remover to ensure thorough removal of stains.

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Water Hardness Tolerance

The ability of detergents to perform well in both soft and hard water, making them more versatile than older soap products.

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Cleaning & Health

The primary function of laundry products: the removal of soil, germs, and contaminants to maintain cleanliness and health.

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What are non-detergent soaps?

A cleaning agent made by reacting alkalis with natural fats.

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What are toilet soaps?

Soaps used for personal hygiene, often classified by the percentage of cleaning agents.

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What are laundry soaps?

Soaps designed to clean garments, often made with plant or animal-based ingredients.

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What are beauty soaps?

Soaps specifically formulated to cleanse and soften the skin, often containing moisturizing ingredients.

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What are novelty soaps?

Soaps crafted for their unique forms or decorative purposes, often appealing to children.

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What is saponification?

The process of reacting alkalis with fats to produce soap and glycerin.

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What is Total Fat Matter (TFM)?

A measure of the cleaning agent content within a soap, with higher percentages indicating better quality.

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How did soap become popular?

The spread of soap usage due to the link between hygiene and disease.

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Detergent Builders

Chemicals added to detergents that enhance cleaning power by softening water, breaking down dirt, and improving stain removal. Examples include phosphates and silicates.

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Time Window

The length of time a detergent solution needs to stay in contact with the fabric to effectively clean it.

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Chemical Concentration

The appropriate concentration of detergent needed to achieve the desired cleaning result without damaging the fabric or negatively impacting the washing machine.

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Water Temperature

The temperature at which a detergent is most effective and safe to use for different fabrics and stains.

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Materials of Construction

The materials used to manufacture detergents and their impact on their cleaning properties and potential for corrosion or damage. Examples include metal surfaces, plastic containers.

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Operator Safety

The risk of harm or injury to the washer operator due to incorrect handling or exposure to detergent chemicals. Examples include skin irritation, eye damage.

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Risk to Food Safety

The potential impact of detergents on food safety, particularly if they are used near food preparation areas or if residue remains on washed food items.

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Why should synthetics be washed in cold water?

Synthetics are delicate and susceptible to heat damage, causing them to soften and melt easily, leading to wrinkles.

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Why is starch used for silk?

Silk is a delicate fabric easily stained by water if applied directly to dry clothes. Applying starch helps prevent this.

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Why are woolens more delicate than other fabrics?

Wool is delicate and prone to felting, a process where fibers interlock and shrink, causing the material to lose its shape. This is particularly true for knitted woolens.

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Why must knitted woolen garments be dried flat?

Knitted woollen clothes lose shape when wet, making it essential to reshape them after washing and dry them flat to maintain their original form.

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What type of soap should be used for woollens?

Applying mild alkaline soap dissolved in lukewarm water during washing helps prevent damage to the delicate wool fibers.

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What washing technique should be used for woollen clothes?

Washing woolens using kneading and squeezing instead of rubbing prevents the fibers from tangling and felting.

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Why are paper outlines used for washing knitted woolens?

Reshaping knitted woollen garments on a paper outline after washing ensures they dry in their original form, preventing misshapen edges.

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How should woolens be stored?

Storing woolens in a dry place with moth repellents like naphthalene balls helps prevent damage from moths.

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Study Notes

Care and Renovation of Textiles

  • Pre-treating is more effective than repeated washing, tackling issues before washing.
  • Pre-treating prevents and removes stains, odors and dinginess; creating a smooth surface for ink adhesion.
  • Textiles have fuzz, lint and irregular surfaces which affect ink adhesion.
  • Targeted pre-treating, using appropriate stain-fighting products and proper cleaning, helps overcome most stains.
  • Some stains (e.g., ring around collar, pit stains) build up over time.
  • Prevent stain creep by pretreating targeted areas with stain-fighting products.
  • Dinginess is a buildup of fibers, minerals or soap.
  • Soaking dingy items in stain-fighting products before washing removes buildup.
  • Odors (body odor, smoke, cooking odor, musty odor) are removed by prewashing or presoaking with odor-removing products.

Stain Removal Methods

  • Dissolving in solvents: Solvents dissolve solids or liquids in stains. Examples include organic solvents removing butter, bacon grease, and other organic stains.

  • Lifting by surfactants: Surfactants "make water wetter", penetrate fabric fibers, surround stain molecules and lift them away through rinsing.

  • Oxidizing with bleach: Bleaches (chlorines and peroxides) decolorize or break down molecules in some stains, making them more water-soluble and easier to remove, such as grass, wine, and fruit juice.

  • Digesting with enzymes: Enzymes break down protein stains like eggs, dairy, and meat, and starch stains like pasta, effectively removing them from fabric.

  • Pre-treatment products include Baking soda, Lemon/lime, Hydrogen peroxide, Corn starch, Salt, Dish soap, Laundry detergent

Types of Stains

  • Protein stains: Baby food, milk, blood, cream, cheese sauce, pudding, egg, gelatin, white glue, ice cream.
  • Tannins stains: Alcoholic beverages, beer, berries, coffee, tea, juice, cologne, washable ink, soft drinks.
  • Oil-based stains: Automotive oil, hair oil, lotion, butter, grease, cooking oil, creams, cuff greasing.
  • Dye stains: Cherry, blue berry, color bleeding in wash (dye transfer), grass, Indian IWL, paint, felt tip pen ink, mustard.
  • Combination stains: Example: Ballpoint ink, candle wax, carbon paper, crayon, eye makeup, pencils, floor wax, resin, shoe polish, tar, calamine lotion, tomato sauce, cocoa or chocolate, face makeup (powder, rouge, foundation), gravy, hair spray.
  • Stains needing special treatment: Chewing gum, deodorants, nail polish, lead pencil varnish, pesticide, rust, smoke, water spots.

Stain Removal Techniques

  • Brushing: Removing dried stains. Use a brush (like a toothbrush) on a flat surface and move the brush from the outside to the middle of the stain.
  • Flushing: Used for loosening staining materials and removing residues. Gently apply the recommended stain-removal agent on the stained area and allow it to absorb.
  • Scraping: Removing semisolid and caked-on stains. Be gentle and avoid damaging the fabric. Use a dull knife, spoon or spatula.
  • Tamping: Effective on tightly woven fabrics. This technique involves repeatedly tapping the stained area with a soft-bristled brush, or toothbrush, on a flat surface.
  • Freezing: For stains like candle wax and gum. Place the fabric in a plastic bag and put it in the freezer to harden the stain for lifting or scraping.
  • Sponging: Laying stained fabric flat and using a pad or sponge to apply stain remover, move the sponge and/or pad to different sections.

Laundry Detergents

  • Heavy-duty: Liquid or powdered detergents suitable to remove tough dirt.
  • Light-duty: Often liquid detergents for delicate fabrics, designed to remove lighter dirt.

Bleaches

  • Hydrogen peroxide: Used as a natural bleaching agent, removing specific stains (e.g., grass, wine, fruit juice).
  • Powdered all-fabric bleaches: Examples like sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate, widely suitable for all types of fabrics.
  • Liquid chlorine bleach: A strong bleaching agent to remove most stubborn stains, but is not recommended for all types of fabrics.

Home Remedies for Stain removal

  • Various home remedies are mentioned for specific stains like red wine, coffee, oil/grease, ink, blood etc with methods including using baking soda, white vinegar, etc.

Chemical Solvents

  • Various chemical solvents are suggested including water, vinegar, hydrogen peroxide, etc; for use in removing different types of stains

Safety Precautions

  • Proper storage of stain removers and chemicals.
  • Using stain removers in a well-ventilated room.
  • Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
  • Never mix potentially dangerous chemicals or stain remover products:

Laundering of Textiles

  • Detailed steps are provided for washing, rinsing, bleaching, drying

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Care and Renovation of Textiles PDF

Description

This quiz covers the essential techniques for pre-treating textiles to effectively combat stains, odors, and dinginess. Learn about the best practices for maintaining fabric quality and ensuring proper ink adhesion. Explore various stain removal methods, including the use of solvents, to enhance your knowledge of textile care.

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