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Questions and Answers
What is the reason for the presence of a prominent 'a' wave in jugular venous pulsations in right heart failure?
What is the reason for the presence of a prominent 'a' wave in jugular venous pulsations in right heart failure?
- Decreased pulmonary pressure
- Left ventricular hypertrophy
- Elevated systemic pressure
- Pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy (correct)
In severe Mitral Stenosis (MS), what physical exam finding may be observed on the cheeks of the patient?
In severe Mitral Stenosis (MS), what physical exam finding may be observed on the cheeks of the patient?
- Greenish discoloration
- Yellow tint
- Pinkish-purple patches (correct)
- Blue spots
Which heart sound is described as a loud opening S1 snap in Mitral Stenosis?
Which heart sound is described as a loud opening S1 snap in Mitral Stenosis?
- Occurs during diastole at the base of the heart
- Heard during systole at the base of the heart
- Associated with atrial fibrillation
- Heard at the apex when leaflets are still mobile (correct)
What does a shorter S2 to opening snap interval indicate in Mitral Stenosis?
What does a shorter S2 to opening snap interval indicate in Mitral Stenosis?
Which diagnostic modality is considered the GOLD STANDARD for diagnosing Mitral Stenosis?
Which diagnostic modality is considered the GOLD STANDARD for diagnosing Mitral Stenosis?
What might an ECG show in a patient with Mitral Stenosis?
What might an ECG show in a patient with Mitral Stenosis?
Which valve disease is the least common in adults?
Which valve disease is the least common in adults?
Which syndrome is often associated with pulmonary valve stenosis?
Which syndrome is often associated with pulmonary valve stenosis?
Why are diseases of the aortic and mitral valves termed left heart diseases?
Why are diseases of the aortic and mitral valves termed left heart diseases?
What is a common outcome for individuals with mild pulmonary valve stenosis?
What is a common outcome for individuals with mild pulmonary valve stenosis?
In which valve is insufficiency common in healthy individuals to a very mild extent?
In which valve is insufficiency common in healthy individuals to a very mild extent?
What makes diseases of the aortic and mitral valves more prevalent than those of the pulmonary or tricuspid valves?
What makes diseases of the aortic and mitral valves more prevalent than those of the pulmonary or tricuspid valves?
Which condition may result in tricuspid valve stenosis without concurrent regurgitation?
Which condition may result in tricuspid valve stenosis without concurrent regurgitation?
What is a common cause of minor tricuspid insufficiency in healthy individuals?
What is a common cause of minor tricuspid insufficiency in healthy individuals?
What is a possible cause of severe tricuspid insufficiency?
What is a possible cause of severe tricuspid insufficiency?
Which condition may lead to aortic stenosis?
Which condition may lead to aortic stenosis?
What can cause tricuspid insufficiency as a result of displacement of papillary muscles?
What can cause tricuspid insufficiency as a result of displacement of papillary muscles?
What is a potential cause of tricuspid valve insufficiency related to surgical manipulations?
What is a potential cause of tricuspid valve insufficiency related to surgical manipulations?
What is the most common cause of acute aortic regurgitation?
What is the most common cause of acute aortic regurgitation?
Which physical exam finding is considered the most sensitive for diagnosing aortic regurgitation?
Which physical exam finding is considered the most sensitive for diagnosing aortic regurgitation?
What is the compensatory mechanism in aortic regurgitation that eventually leads to heart failure?
What is the compensatory mechanism in aortic regurgitation that eventually leads to heart failure?
Which imaging modality is considered the cornerstone for decision making and follow-up evaluation in aortic regurgitation?
Which imaging modality is considered the cornerstone for decision making and follow-up evaluation in aortic regurgitation?
What is the management recommendation for patients with aortic regurgitation who are asymptomatic or normotensive?
What is the management recommendation for patients with aortic regurgitation who are asymptomatic or normotensive?
Which murmur in aortic regurgitation is caused by the regurgitant jet impinging on the anterior mitral valve leaflet?
Which murmur in aortic regurgitation is caused by the regurgitant jet impinging on the anterior mitral valve leaflet?
What is the most common underlying cause of chronic mitral regurgitation?
What is the most common underlying cause of chronic mitral regurgitation?
Which compensatory mechanism occurs in response to pure volume overload in chronic mitral regurgitation?
Which compensatory mechanism occurs in response to pure volume overload in chronic mitral regurgitation?
What physical exam finding is typically associated with chronic mitral regurgitation?
What physical exam finding is typically associated with chronic mitral regurgitation?
Which imaging study is most useful for estimating left atrial size and function in mitral regurgitation?
Which imaging study is most useful for estimating left atrial size and function in mitral regurgitation?
What is a typical auscultatory finding in chronic mitral regurgitation?
What is a typical auscultatory finding in chronic mitral regurgitation?
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