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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the pulmonary circuit?
What is the main function of the pulmonary circuit?
Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for the heart's contractile function?
Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for the heart's contractile function?
Which chamber of the heart has the thickest myocardium?
Which chamber of the heart has the thickest myocardium?
What is the function of the fluid located between the parietal and visceral pericardium?
What is the function of the fluid located between the parietal and visceral pericardium?
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Which structures return blood to the right atrium?
Which structures return blood to the right atrium?
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What is the primary function of the heart valves?
What is the primary function of the heart valves?
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Which vessels branch from the aorta first?
Which vessels branch from the aorta first?
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Which one is a definition of Isovolumetric Contraction?
Which one is a definition of Isovolumetric Contraction?
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What is the term for the oxygenation status of blood in the Coronary Sinus?
What is the term for the oxygenation status of blood in the Coronary Sinus?
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What is the role of the SA Node in the cardiac conduction system?
What is the role of the SA Node in the cardiac conduction system?
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What does Ejection Fraction represent?
What does Ejection Fraction represent?
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Which heart sound is associated with closure of the AV valves?
Which heart sound is associated with closure of the AV valves?
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Which term correctly describes blood flow direction in pulmonary vessels?
Which term correctly describes blood flow direction in pulmonary vessels?
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What does preload refer to in relation to the heart's function?
What does preload refer to in relation to the heart's function?
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Which factor most directly influences stroke volume according to the Frank-Starling Law?
Which factor most directly influences stroke volume according to the Frank-Starling Law?
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How does sympathetic regulation of the heart differ from parasympathetic regulation?
How does sympathetic regulation of the heart differ from parasympathetic regulation?
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Which type of blood vessel serves as the primary reservoir of blood in the circulatory system?
Which type of blood vessel serves as the primary reservoir of blood in the circulatory system?
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What is the main force driving capillary exchange?
What is the main force driving capillary exchange?
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What is a primary difference between arteries and veins?
What is a primary difference between arteries and veins?
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What does peripheral resistance refer to in the context of blood flow?
What does peripheral resistance refer to in the context of blood flow?
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Which vessel primarily supplies the head and brain?
Which vessel primarily supplies the head and brain?
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What structure regulates blood flow through the capillary bed?
What structure regulates blood flow through the capillary bed?
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What is the primary function of lymphatic capillaries?
What is the primary function of lymphatic capillaries?
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Flashcards
Systemic Circuit
Systemic Circuit
The circuit that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Pericardium
Pericardium
The protective membranes surrounding the heart, consisting of fibrous and serous layers.
Left Ventricle
Left Ventricle
The chamber of the heart with the thickest myocardium, responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body.
Pulmonary Arteries
Pulmonary Arteries
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Blood Flow Steps
Blood Flow Steps
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Preload
Preload
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Contractility
Contractility
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Afterload
Afterload
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Frank-Starling Law
Frank-Starling Law
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Capillary Exchange
Capillary Exchange
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Peripheral Resistance
Peripheral Resistance
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Innate Immune System
Innate Immune System
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Adaptive Immune System
Adaptive Immune System
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Lymphatic Capillaries
Lymphatic Capillaries
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Blood Flow Control Structure
Blood Flow Control Structure
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Valve Stenosis
Valve Stenosis
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Coronary Sinus
Coronary Sinus
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Intrinsic Pacemaker
Intrinsic Pacemaker
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Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output
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Atrioventricular Valves
Atrioventricular Valves
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Diastole
Diastole
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Ejection Fraction
Ejection Fraction
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Pulmonary Vessels
Pulmonary Vessels
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System Study Guide
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Systemic & Pulmonary Circuits: The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood. The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood.
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Heart Location: The heart is located within the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity.
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Protective Membranes: The pericardium, a double-layered membrane, surrounds the heart. The outer layer is the fibrous pericardium, and the inner layer is the serous pericardium (with parietal and visceral layers). The serous pericardium secretes fluid reducing friction during heartbeats.
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Fusion of Fibrous & Serous Pericardium: The fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium fuse to create the pericardial sac surrounding the heart.
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Fluid between Parietal & Visceral Pericardium: Pericardial fluid fills the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium to reduce friction.
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Heart Wall Layers (Superficial to Deep): The heart wall is composed of three layers: epicardium (outermost), myocardium (middle layer of cardiac muscle), and endocardium (innermost layer lining the chambers and valves).
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Heart Anatomy (Anterior & Posterior): Detailed labeling of the heart's chambers (atria and ventricles) and major vessels (aorta, vena cavae) is required.
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Structures Returning Blood to Right Atrium: Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus return blood to the right atrium.
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Right Atrium Features: The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body. It has thicker walls compared to the left atrium and has internal structures like the crista terminalis and fossa ovalis. It has the superior vena cava that carries blood from the upper body, and inferior vena cava from the lower body. The coronary sinus also returns blood from the heart itself.
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Right Ventricle Features: The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. It has papillary muscles and chordae tendineae that attach to the atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve). It's part of the pulmonary circulation.
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Left Atrium Features: The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. Like the right atrium, it has thinner walls than the left ventricle. It connects directly to the aorta through the left ventricle.
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Left Ventricle Features: The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. It's the strongest chamber due to the high-pressure systemic circulation it must manage. It has the thickest walls of all the heart chambers.
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Blood Flow Through the Heart (10 Steps): A detailed, step-by-step description of blood flow from the body through the heart, through the lungs, and back to the body is required.
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Oxygenation Status of Blood Flowing Through Specific Vessels: Detailed oxygenation status for Pulmonary arteries, Veins, Right/left Atria, ventricles, and Aorta are required.
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Heart Chamber with Thickest Myocardium & Reasoning: The left ventricle has the thickest myocardium because it must generate the pressure to pump blood throughout the entire body.
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Heart Valves (AV or SL): Identification of the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral) and the semilunar valves (pulmonic and aortic) is necessary, and their classification (AV or Semilunar).
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Function of Heart Valves: A detailed description of their function in regulating blood flow through the heart through closing or opening to control the flow in one direction.
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Pressure Differences & Valve Function: Pressure differences across the valves determine whether they open or close.
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Heart Valve Locations & Functions: The location and function of the heart valves within the chambers to control blood flow are necessary to understand.
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Valve Stenosis & Regurgitation: Describe the conditions of how valves can narrow (stenosis) or leak (regurgitation).
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Coronary Arteries & Veins: Knowing the arteries and veins supplying blood to the heart tissue and how they are situated on the heart is needed.
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Vessels Branching from the Aorta First: Identify and name the arteries that branch directly from the aorta.
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Vessels Bringing Oxygenated Blood to Heart: Knowing the coronary circulation system, which brings oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (myocardium) to supply it with oxygen and nutrients is needed.
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Coronary Sinus Function: Detailing the pathway of deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle into the right atrium via the coronary sinus.
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"Widow Maker" Vessel Identification/Function: Define "widow maker" vessel (e.g., left anterior descending artery), and explain its critical role in coronary blood flow and its potential impact on cardiac function.
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Oxygenation Status of Pulmonary Vessels: Detail how blood flow within the pulmonary circuit changes in terms of oxygenation.
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Myocardial Cell Features: Specific structures and parts of a myocardial cell (e.g. striations, intercalated discs,) are required for understanding the cells' unique properties and function.
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Cardiac Conduction System Sequence: Outline and label the components of the cardiac conduction system responsible for electrical signals in the heart (e.g., SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers).
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Cellular Structure for Electrical Signal Transmission: Details of gap junctions that rapidly transmit signals from cell to cell in the heart muscle are required.
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Intrinsic Pacemaker of the Heart: Identifying the Sinoatrial (SA) node, and the pacemaker and its regulation of heart rate are necessary.
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Cardiac Action Potential (Three Phases): Describe the movement of ions in the three phases of a cardiac action potential.
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SA Node Action Potential Steps: Outline the electrochemical events within the SA node that cause it to exhibit spontaneous depolarization.
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EKG Events: Explain the different waves and intervals on an EKG tracing, linking them to specific electrical activity in the heart.
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Main EKG Components: Knowing the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave as the basic components of an electrocardiogram (ECG) and explaining their clinical significance is needed.
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Definitions of Diastole and Systole: Understanding how "diastole" (relaxation) and "systole" (contraction) relate to specific components of the cardiac cycle.
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Electrical, Muscular, & Heart Valve Cycle Events: Detailed description of how the electrical impulses, muscular contractions/relaxations, and heart valve occurrences change during each part of the cardiac cycle.
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Causes of Lubb (S1), Dupp (S2), & S3: Explaining why the heart sounds (lub-dub) occur and the meaning of the S3 sound and its origins from both structures and processes.
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Cardiac Output Relevant Factors: Details on how factors (heart rate, and stroke volume, for example) impact the cardiac output are necessary.
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Relationship of Cardiac Output Variables: Explains how changes in heart rate and stroke volume affect cardiac output.
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Define Preload, Contractility, Afterload: Defining the parameters and describing their influence on the stroke volume.
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Influence of Preload, Afterload, & Contractility on SV: Details about the direct effects of these components on stroke volume are necessary.
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Relationship Between End Diastolic Volume (EDV), Preload & Ejection Fraction: Explaining the correlations between these terms and their effects on cardiac performance are crucial.
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Frank-Starling Law & Cardiac Output: Explaining the Frank-Starling law effect on how the heart adjusts output depending on the amount of blood filling.
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Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Regulation: Contrast how the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems impact heart rate and cardiac output.
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Generic Circulation Diagram: Identification of aspects of blood circulation (arteries, veins, capillaries, etc.).
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Cardiac Vessel Features: Labeling the detailed features of the blood vessels involved in cardiac circulation (e.g., layers, lumen, etc.).
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Functions of Blood Vessel Layers: Detailed function of the vessel layers (endothelial lining, smooth muscle, connective tissue).
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Vessels Supplying Specific Structures: Identifying vessels supplying head, brain, upper limbs, etc.
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Structures Supplied by Abdominal Aorta Branches: Identifying the specific organs that receive blood from the unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta.
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Axial Vessels: Identifying axial vessels and specifying their relationship to the body to understand their connections to body parts and blood flow.
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Appendicular Vessels: Detailed description of vessels supplying the head, arms, and lower limbs.
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Differences Between Arteries & Veins: Detailing the morphological differences between these blood vessel types is necessary.
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Capillary Bed Control Structure: Identify the pre-capillary sphincters as regulators of blood flow through capillary beds.
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Types of Capillaries: Details of the three main capillary types (continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal).
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Capillary Exchange: Describing the process of substances crossing capillary walls.
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Capillary Exchange Force: Identification of interstitial fluid pressure as the most significant force for capillary exchange.
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Source of Force for Venous Blood Movement: Explaining the importance of skeletal muscle contraction and venous valves in returning blood to the heart.
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Largest Blood Reservoir: Indicate the role of veins in the body in storing blood. (venous system).
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Peripheral Resistance: Detailing how factors influence peripheral resistance (blood viscosity, vessel length, vessel radius).
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Factors Affecting Peripheral Resistance: Describing the effects of blood viscosity, blood vessels length, and vessel size.
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Brain's Blood Pressure Regulator: Identifying the medulla oblongata as the brain region responsible for managing blood pressure.
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Hormonal Blood Pressure Regulation: Identifying and describing the hormones influencing peripheral resistance and blood pressure (e.g., ADH, aldosterone, others).
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Innates (Immune System): Describing the first and second lines of innate immune system responses.
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Innate & Adaptive Immune Systems Comparison: Comparing the roles of innate and adaptive mechanisms in combating infections.
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Lymphatic Capillaries' Functions: Specifying the functions of lymphatic capillaries and lacteals in absorbing interstitial fluid for circulation through the lymph system; absorbing fats in the intestines (lacteal).
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Lacteals' Functions: Describing lacteals' role in absorbing fats from digested food.
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Lymph System Terminal Vessels (Thoracic & Right): Detailing the flow from interstitial space through the lymphatic system and into the venous system via the lymphatic ducts.
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Primary Lymphatic Organs/Tissues: Identifying and describing the functions of the lymph nodes, and red bone marrow in relation to lymphatic system processes.
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Secondary Lymphatic Organs/Tissues: Identifying and describing the function of lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils/adenoids detailing how the lymphatic system combats illness and filters waste.
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Lymphatic Tissue Structure in Lymph Nodes: Detailing the function of reticular fibers/cells in this lymphoid tissue.
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Lymph Drainage Flow & Metastasis: Explaining the pathways of lymph which can lead to the spreading of infection sites in the body.
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Spleen Tissue Types' Functions: Detailing the roles of red pulp (filtering blood) and white pulp (immune response in the blood) .
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Lymph Follicles & Organ Classification: Describing how the absence of specialized anatomical properties defines lymphatic follicles from organs with well-developed structures.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the cardiovascular system with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as the pulmonary circuit, the heart's structure, and its functions. This quiz is ideal for students studying anatomy and physiology.
