ANA 110 Unit 1 Study Guide PDF

Unit 1 Study Guide: The Cardiovascular System WEEK 1: Describe the function of the systemic & pulmonary circuits: Name the body cavity within which the heart is located: Name the protective membranes surrounding the heart & describe their functions: Name the structure formed by the fusion of the...

Unit 1 Study Guide: The Cardiovascular System WEEK 1: Describe the function of the systemic & pulmonary circuits: Name the body cavity within which the heart is located: Name the protective membranes surrounding the heart & describe their functions: Name the structure formed by the fusion of the fibrous & serous pericardium: Name the fluid is located between the parietal & visceral pericardium and describe its function: Name the three layers of the heart wall from superficial to deep & briefly describe the function/characteristics of each layer: Label the gross anatomy of the anterior & posterior aspects of the heart: Label Each Chamber/Vessel of the heart: Name the three structures that return blood to the right atrium: Describe the features of the following heart chambers: Right Atrium: Right Ventricle: Left Atrium: Left Ventricle: List the 10 steps of blood flow through the heart in your own words: Describe the oxygenation status of the blood flowing through the following structures of the heart: Pulmonary Arteries: Left Atrium: Pulmonary Veins: Left Ventricle: Right Atrium: Aorta: Right Ventricle: Superior/Inferior Vena Cava: Name the chamber of the heart with the thickest myocardium. Describe why this chamber requires more myocardial tissue than the others: Label the valves of the heart from a cross-sectional view & indicate if each valve is an Atrioventricular Valve (AV) or Semilunar Valve (SL): Describe the primary function of the heart valves: Describe how pressure differences govern the opening & closure of the heart valves: Describe the location & function of the heart valves: Describe the following valvular pathological conditions: Valve Stenosis: Valve Regurgitation: Define Anastomosis: Label the Coronary Arteries & Veins: Name the vessels that branches from the aorta FIRST: Name the vessels that bring oxygenated blood to the tissues of the heart: Describe the the function of the Coronary Sinus including oxygenation status of the blood it carries & where it empties into: Name the vessel commonly described as the “widow maker” & describe why its function is essential to cardiac function: Describe the oxygenation status & direction of blood flow of the pulmonary vessels: WEEK 2: Label the features of the following myocardial cell: Label the parts of the cardiac conduction system in sequence of excitation progression: Name the cellular structure that allows for transmission of electrical signals directly between neighboring cells: Name the intrinsic pacemaker of the heart: Describe the ion movement of the Three Phases of the Cardiac Action Potential: Describe the steps of the SA Node Action Potential: Label the Cardiomyocyte Action Potential Graph: Label the key events on the EKG tracing : Describe the three main components of the EKG: Describe the one word definitions of the following terms: Diastole: Systole: Describe the electrical, muscular & heart valve events of the following periods of the cardiac cycle: Describe the physiology of the heart that produces the following heart sounds: Lubb (S1): Dupp (S2): S3: Label the following on the diagram and understand the key features of each variable: Define the following statements with regards to pressure & volume in the heart during a contraction cycle: Isovolumetric Contraction: Isovolumetric Relaxation: End Diastolic Volume (EDV): End Systolic Volume (ESV): Ventricular Ejection: Ejection Fraction: Dicrotic Notch (or Wave): Which of the following the events are captured directly by an EKG: Atrial Diastole Ventricular Repolarization Ventricular Depolarization Electrical Events of the Heart Atrial Contraction Mechanical Events of the Heart Define cardiac output and list a few factors that can influence it: Write the equation for Cardiac Output: Describe the relationship of the variables from the equation above. For example, if the HR decreases, what must occur to stroke volume in order to maintain a constant cardiac output? Define the following terms: Preload: Contractility: Afterload: Describe how changes in Preload, Afterload & Contractility influence Stroke Volume: Describe the relationship between End Diastolic Volume, Preload & Ejection Fraction: Describe how the Frank-Starling Law of the heart influences cardiac output: Compare and contrast the sympathetic & parasympathetic regulation of the heart: Week 3: Label the following generic circulation diagram: Label the following features of cardiac vessels: A: I: B: J: C: K: D: L:​ E: M:​ F: N:​ G: O:​ H: P: Describe the functions of the 3 layers of blood vessels: Name the vessel that supplies each of the following structures: Upper Limb: Head & Brain: Lower Limb/Pelvis: Intestines: Spine: Anterior/Lateral Arm: Liver, Spleen, Stomach: Name the structures supplied by the 3 unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta: Label the axial vessels: Label the appendicular vessels: Describe the 3 main differences between veins & arteries: Name the structure that controls blood flow through the capillary bed: Describe the Three Types of Capillaries: Define Capillary Exchange: Name the force most responsible for capillary exchange: Name the source of the force that moves blood through veins: Name the vessel(s) that serves as the LARGEST blood reservoir: Define Peripheral Resistance: Describe how the following factors influence peripheral resistance: Lumen Size: Blood Viscosity: Vessel Length: Name the structure of the brain that regulates blood pressure: Briefly describe the four hormonal mechanisms that regulate blood pressure: Classify the following defenses into first and second lines of the innate immune system response: Mucus Membranes, Natural Killer Cells, Phagocytes, Skin, Lysozyme, Fever, Secreted Fluids/Chemicals, pH Control, Inflammation, Defecation/Vomiting Compare and contrast the innate and adaptive immune systems: Describe the function of Lymphatic Capillaries: Describe the function of Lacteals: Describe the following terminal vessels of the lymphatic system: Thoracic Duct: Right Lymphatic Duct: Name and describe the functions of the two primary lymphatic organs/tissues: Name & describe the functions of the three secondary lymphatic organs/tissues: Name the major type of tissue located in lymph nodes & describe the function of this tissue type with respect to the overall function of lymph nodes: Describe the flow of lymph drainage from distal parts of the body and how this related to metastasis of cancer: Describe the functions of the two tissue types of the spleen: Name the structure that lymphatic follicles lack that prevent them from being classified as an organ: