Cardiovascular System Overview

<p>Increases metabolism and promotes vasodilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Continuous capillaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitated diffusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances blood flow to the region. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To promote fluid return into the capillary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paracellular transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resistance of the blood vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fenestrated capillaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wider clefts facilitate increased filtration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High rates of filtration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulate blood flow to various tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the exchange of gases due to their thin walls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a large diameter but thin walls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The contraction of the heart during systole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature of the surrounding tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent backflow of blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood flow increases when the pressure gradient increases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreasing heat loss by redistributing blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aorta → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow exchange of oxygen and nutrients with tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arteries have thicker walls and higher blood pressure than veins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diameter of the blood vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They allow vessels to stretch and accommodate blood pressure changes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10% in arteries, 85% in veins, 5% in capillaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early diastole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systemic circuit has significantly higher pressure than the pulmonary circuit. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capillaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difference in blood pressure between different areas of the circulatory system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They have relatively thick walls with elastin for handling high pressure.

Small arteries that regulate blood flow to tissues. They have more smooth muscle than arteries, enabling vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

The smallest blood vessels where exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products occurs between blood and tissues.

Small vessels that collect blood from capillaries and carry it to veins.

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. They have thin walls and valves to prevent backflow.

Arterioles control blood flow to tissues by constricting or dilating, adjusting blood supply as needed.

Blood flow = pressure gradient / resistance. Pressure difference and resistance determine blood flow.

Viscosity, vessel length, and vessel diameter influence the resistance to blood flow.

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

The amount of blood ejected by the heart with each beat.

The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole (relaxation) when the ventricle is full.

The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle at the end of systole (contraction) after ejection.

Stroke Volume (SV) = End Diastolic Volume (EDV) - End Systolic Volume (ESV)

The first phase is isovolumetric contraction, where the ventricle contracts but doesn't change in volume. The second phase is ejection, where blood is expelled from the ventricle.

The first phase is isovolumetric relaxation, where the ventricle relaxes but doesn't change in volume. The second phase is filling, where blood passively flows into the ventricle.

The largest artery in the body, carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

The total amount of blood circulating in the body, typically 4-6 liters.

The blood circulation pathway between the heart and the lungs, carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart.

Mechanisms within a tissue or organ that directly regulate blood flow, independent of external factors.

Blood-borne substances (like hormones) that alter blood vessel diameter, affecting blood flow.

Nervous system control of blood flow. The sympathetic nervous system releases norepinephrine to constrict vessels, reducing blood flow.

Blood vessels automatically constrict in response to an increase in blood pressure and dilate when pressure decreases, helping to maintain blood flow.

Changes in tissue metabolism (like oxygen levels or waste buildup) trigger vasoconstriction or dilation to adjust blood supply.

The thin layer of cells that makes up the capillary wall, allowing for substance exchange between blood and tissues. It consists of endothelial cells with two membranes: luminal and basolateral.

Movement of substances across the capillary wall through the endothelial cells, involving different mechanisms like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.

Movement of substances between the endothelial cells, through the intercellular clefts, commonly used for bulk flow of fluids.

Capillaries with a continuous, tightly joined endothelial cell layer, limiting permeability and allowing for selective transport.

Capillaries with pores in the endothelial cells, increasing permeability and allowing for rapid exchange of substances.

Excessive fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, often caused by unchecked filtration from capillaries.

Forces that govern the movement of fluid between the capillaries and the interstitial fluid, promoting the return of fluid back into the capillary.

Specialized proteins that hold endothelial cells together, influencing the permeability of intercellular clefts.

The movement of fluid and solutes from the capillary lumen into the interstitial space via bulk flow.

The narrowing (vasoconstriction) or widening (vasodilation) of blood vessels, influencing the flow of blood and the delivery of substances to tissues.