Cardiovascular System Lecture 15

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Questions and Answers

What can cause bradycardia?

  • Damage to the SA Node (correct)
  • Increased heart workload
  • High thyroid activity
  • Excessive caffeine consumption

Which symptom is least likely to be associated with an arrhythmia?

  • Heartburn (correct)
  • Palpitations
  • Fainting
  • Cardiac arrest

Which type of tachycardia is related to abnormal impulses in an ECG?

  • Sinus Tachycardia
  • Non-Sinus Tachycardia (correct)
  • Congenital Tachycardia
  • Exercise-Induced Tachycardia

What is the most common type of arrhythmia?

<p>Atrial Fibrillation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT relieve symptoms of hypertension?

<p>β-Blockers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication is associated with heart transplants?

<p>Immunorejection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by rapid impulses in the atria, causing them to quiver?

<p>Atrial Fibrillation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of Long QT Syndrome (LQTS)?

<p>Electrolyte imbalances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication class is used to reduce fluid in heart failure?

<p>Diuretics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition primarily affects young individuals with potentially fatal outcomes?

<p>Long QT Syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication that occurs due to myocardial infarction?

<p>Death of muscle distal to blockage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is most commonly affected in coronary heart disease?

<p>Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from aortic stenosis in the context of valvular disease?

<p>Decreased cardiac output (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In heart failure, what does preserved ejection fraction indicate?

<p>Normal contractility with filling issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is commonly associated with both right-sided and left-sided heart failure?

<p>Breathlessness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition occurs due to the failure of valves to close properly?

<p>Regurgitation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of congestive heart failure?

<p>Fatigue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor that contributes to thrombus formation in arteries?

<p>Atherosclerosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main treatment for myocardial infarction that has largely replaced CABG surgery?

<p>Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of heart failure is associated with a reduced ejection fraction?

<p>Systolic heart failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is commonly associated with low blood flow and immobility that can lead to thrombus formation?

<p>Deep Vein Thrombosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of a thrombus dislodging from a vein?

<p>Stroke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Myocardial infarction is primarily caused by the occlusion of which type of vessel?

<p>Coronary arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arrhythmia is commonly linked to a higher risk of stroke?

<p>Atrial Fibrillation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary prohibitors for effective blood flow during a myocardial infarction?

<p>Atherosclerotic plaques (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of medication is often used to reduce the risk of thrombus formation in patients at risk of myocardial infarction?

<p>Anticoagulants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of untreated atrial fibrillation?

<p>Stroke (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a blockage leading to restricted blood flow and may result in vascular dementia?

<p>Atherosclerosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication can arise as a result of myocardial infarction due to myocardial necrosis?

<p>Heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is indicative of congestive heart failure that may result from myocardial infarction?

<p>Fluid retention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood components is primarily responsible for the transport of oxygen?

<p>Red blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Arrhythmia

A deviation from the heart's normal sinus rate or rhythm.

Bradycardia

A slow heart rate, less than 60 beats per minute.

Tachycardia

A fast heart rate, usually over 100 beats per minute.

Sinus Bradycardia

A type of bradycardia caused by slow signals from the SA Node.

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Block of Signals in Bradycardia

A type of bradycardia caused by a blockage of signals due to damage in the SA Node, AV Node, or conductive tissue.

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Atrial Fibrillation (AF)

A type of tachycardia caused by rapid impulses in the atria, causing the atria to quiver but not contract effectively.

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Sinus Tachycardia

A type of tachycardia caused by a rapid heart rate due to caffeine, amphetamine, or hormones like increased thyroid activity.

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Non-Sinus Tachycardia

A type of tachycardia caused by extra abnormal impulses in the ECG, not originating from the SA Node.

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Long QT Syndrome (LQTS)

A type of arrhythmia that mainly affects young people and is characterized by prolonged QT intervals on the ECG.

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Causes of Non-Sinus Tachycardia

A type of arrhythmia where the heart rate is caused by congenital abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, or ischemia.

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Primary Hypertension

High blood pressure with no identifiable cause.

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Secondary Hypertension

High blood pressure caused by a specific medical condition.

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Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

A group of diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels.

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Atherosclerosis

A build-up of plaque inside arteries, narrowing them and restricting blood flow.

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Myocardial Infarction

Infarction of the heart muscle due to obstruction of coronary arteries.

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Thrombosis

A blood clot that forms in a blood vessel.

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Statin

A substance that lowers cholesterol levels.

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Myocarditis

Inflammation of the heart muscle.

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Angina Pectoris

Pain in the chest caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

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Stroke

Loss of consciousness caused by a blockage of blood flow to the brain.

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What leads to myocardial infarction?

Atherosclerosis, a buildup of plaque in arteries, leads to atherothrombosis, where plaque ruptures and forms a clot. This clot can block blood flow to the heart, causing a myocardial infarction (heart attack).

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What is angina?

Atherosclerosis of the coronary artery, which supplies blood to the heart muscle, restricts blood flow, causing chest pain known as angina.

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Which coronary artery is most commonly affected in myocardial infarction?

The left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery is the most common site affected by myocardial infarction, as it supplies a large portion of the left ventricle, the heart's main pumping chamber.

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How is myocardial infarction treated?

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is currently the main treatment for myocardial infarction, where blocked arteries are bypassed with healthy vessels from other parts of the body.

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What is valvular stenosis?

Valvular stenosis refers to when heart valves become thick and stiff, making it difficult for blood to flow through, increasing the workload on the heart.

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What is valvular regurgitation?

Valvular regurgitation occurs when heart valves fail to close properly, causing blood to leak back into the previous chamber, decreasing the amount of blood pumped out.

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What is heart failure?

Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump effectively, causing inadequate blood circulation to meet the body's demands.

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What is preserved ejection fraction heart failure?

Preserved ejection fraction heart failure occurs when the heart's pumping ability is normal, but it has difficulty filling with blood, reducing the amount of blood pumped out.

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What is reduced ejection fraction heart failure?

Reduced ejection fraction heart failure occurs when the heart's pumping ability is weakened, resulting in less blood being pumped out with each heartbeat.

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What conditions can increase the workload on the heart, leading to heart failure?

Conditions like hypertension (high blood pressure) and aortic stenosis (narrowed aortic valve) increase the workload on the heart, contributing to heart failure.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System Lecture 15: When the Cardiovascular System Goes Wrong!

  • The lecture covers common cardiovascular diseases and their treatment strategies.
  • Specific diseases covered include hypertension, thrombosis & stroke, coronary heart disease & myocardial infarction, heart failure, valvular disease, and arrhythmias.
  • The importance of cardiovascular disease affects 1 in 14 people globally, killing 1 in 3 worldwide.
  • Ischaemic heart disease is the biggest cause of death in Europe, accounting for 45% of total mortality.
  • Global risk factors for cardiovascular disease are high systolic blood pressure, dietary risks, high LDL cholesterol, high fasting plasma glucose, air pollution, high BMI, tobacco, and kidney dysfunction.

Objectives

  • Students should be able to describe the pathophysiology and treatment strategies for common cardiovascular diseases.
  • These diseases include hypertension, thrombosis & stroke, coronary heart disease & myocardial infarction, heart failure, valvular disease, and arrhythmias.

Content

  • Importance of Cardiovascular Disease: The lecture begins with discussing the significance of cardiovascular diseases.
  • How CVD affects Cardiovascular Function: This section analyzes how cardiovascular diseases affect the function of the cardiovascular system.
  • Vascular Disorders & Treatment: The treatment and pathologies of vascular disorders, including:
    • Hypertension: A common condition, and a major risk factor for many health issues.
    • Atherosclerosis: Characterized by plaque buildup in arteries.
    • Thrombosis: Formation of blood clots in the circulatory system.
  • Cardiac Disorders & Treatment: The treatment and pathologies of cardiac disorders, including:
    • Coronary Heart Disease & Myocardial Infarction: A severe condition with potential for fatality.
    • Valvular Disease: Conditions affecting the heart valves.
    • Heart Failure: An impairment in the heart's ability to pump efficiently.
    • Arrhythmias: Irregular heartbeats.

Other Key Points

  • Death rates in the UK from heart and circulatory diseases are declining.
  • 4 out of 5 deaths from CVD have modifiable risk factors.
  • Hypertension affects 15 million people in the UK and over 1 billion globally.
  • Treatment strategies for cardiovascular diseases include medications, procedures, and lifestyle changes.
  • Key causes for hypertension include genetic predisposition, high alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyles, obesity, diabetes, and intrauterine environment.
  • Hypertension can lead to conditions such as coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, and chronic kidney disease.
  • Treatment strategies for hypertension include thiazide diuretics, calcium-channel blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
  • Atherosclerosis is caused by endothelial damage and high LDL cholesterol. It leads to plaque formation, potentially causing stroke, coronary heart disease, and other complications.
  • Statins are commonly used to treat atherosclerosis by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis.
  • Thrombosis can result in stroke, myocardial infarction, and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Treatment includes anticoagulants and anti-platelet therapy.
  •  Causes of heart failure range from hypertension and aortic stenosis to myocardial infarction.
  • Treatments for heart failure include medications like beta-blockers, anti-hypertensives, as well as device/surgical treatments like mechanical heart pumps and cardiac transplants.

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