Cardiovascular System - Heart and Blood Vessels
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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart?

  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
  • Pericardium (correct)
  • Epicardium

Which heart layer is primarily responsible for contraction?

  • Endocardium
  • Pericardium
  • Myocardium (correct)
  • Epicardium

What is the function of the chordae tendineae?

  • Anchor the heart valves to prevent prolapse (correct)
  • Regulate arterial blood pressure
  • Facilitate electrical conduction
  • Enhance blood flow into the atria

Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

<p>Pulmonary artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which node is known as the 'pacemaker' of the heart?

<p>Sinoatrial (SA) node (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the left and right ventricles internally?

<p>Interventricular septum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cardiac cycle occurs when the ventricles are relaxing and the atria are filling?

<p>Diastole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve slows the heart rate by influencing the SA node?

<p>Vagus nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcium in cardiac muscle contraction?

<p>Binds to troponin for muscle contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heart sound is associated with the closure of the semilunar valves?

<p>S2 ('dub') (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the heart's ability to initiate its own electrical impulses?

<p>Autorhythmicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which coronary artery supplies blood to the left ventricle and interventricular septum?

<p>Left anterior descending artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cardiac output when the heart rate is 75 beats per minute and the stroke volume is 70 mL per beat?

<p>5.25 L/min (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessel carries impulses from the AV node to the ventricles?

<p>Bundle of His (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessel type has the largest lumen and lowest blood pressure?

<p>Veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery type acts as a pressure reservoir, expanding and recoiling as blood is ejected from the heart?

<p>Elastic arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do venous valves play in the circulatory system?

<p>Prevent backflow of blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the thickening of valve cusps, often leading to narrowed openings?

<p>Stenosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary force that drives blood through the circulatory system?

<p>Blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of capillary is known for its high permeability with large gaps and an incomplete basement membrane?

<p>Sinusoidal capillary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are baroreceptors that monitor blood pressure located?

<p>Aortic arch and carotid sinus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to controlling blood flow into capillary beds?

<p>Vasoconstriction of arterioles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel contains the largest tunica media to accommodate high blood pressure?

<p>Aorta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily determines the resistance offered by blood vessels in the circulatory system?

<p>Vessel diameter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition called when an artery wall weakens and bulges abnormally?

<p>Aneurysm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of anastomoses in the circulatory system?

<p>To provide collateral blood flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of arteries are responsible for directing blood to specific organs?

<p>Muscular arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism aids blood flow in the low-pressure venous system?

<p>Venous valves and muscular contractions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone plays a key role in regulating blood pressure through vasoconstriction?

<p>Renin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessel type is specifically involved in nutrient and gas exchange with tissues?

<p>Capillaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do valves in veins contribute to blood flow?

<p>By preventing backflow of blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer in an artery is primarily responsible for regulating blood pressure?

<p>Tunica media (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is responsible for draining interstitial fluid back into circulation?

<p>Lymphatic system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the thoracic pump play in venous circulation?

<p>Facilitates blood movement based on thoracic pressure changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does pulse pressure indicate in the cardiovascular system?

<p>The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pericardium Function

The fibrous sac that protects and surrounds the heart.

Myocardium Function

The heart muscle layer responsible for heart contractions.

Chordae Tendineae Function

Support heart valves, preventing them from inverting during contraction

Pulmonary Artery Function

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

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Foramen Ovale Function

Fetal heart structure allowing blood to bypass the lungs.

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SA Node Function

The primary pacemaker of the heart, initiating electrical impulses.

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AV Node Function

Transmission of electrical stimulus from the atria to ventricles.

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Interventricular Septum Function

Separates left and right ventricles internally.

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Systole

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle contracts, pumping blood out of the chambers.

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Diastole

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle relaxes, allowing chambers to fill with blood.

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Isovolumetric relaxation

The brief period after ventricular contraction when all valves are closed, and the ventricle relaxes without changing volume.

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Repolarization

The process where cardiac muscle cells return to their resting potential after depolarization.

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Aortic valve function

The valve that prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle after contraction.

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Calcium's role in contraction

Binds to troponin, triggering a cascade of events that lead to muscle fiber contraction.

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Bundle of His function

Conducts electrical impulses from the AV node to the ventricles, ensuring coordinated ventricular contraction.

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Right ventricle pumps blood to

The pulmonary trunk, which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

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Left anterior descending artery

Supplies blood to the left ventricle and interventricular septum, crucial for heart function.

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QRS complex on ECG

Represents ventricular depolarization, the electrical signal that triggers ventricular contraction.

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Cardiac output calculation

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume.

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Autorhythmicity of the heart

The ability of the heart to initiate its own electrical impulses, independent of the nervous system.

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Stenosis

A narrowing of a valve opening due to thickened, stiff valve cusps, hindering blood flow.

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Sympathetic nervous system effect on heart

Increases heart rate and contractility, preparing the body for action.

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Thickest Tunica Media?

Arteries have the thickest tunica media, a layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood flow.

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What Influences Peripheral Resistance?

Vessel diameter is the most significant factor affecting peripheral resistance. Narrower vessels create more resistance to blood flow.

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Aneurysm

An abnormal bulging or ballooning of an arterial wall, due to weakness in the vessel wall.

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Anastomoses

Connections between blood vessels providing alternate pathways for blood flow, ensuring continuous circulation even if one vessel is blocked.

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Muscular Arteries

These arteries are responsible for distributing blood to specific body organs, controlled by muscle fibers in their walls.

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Venous Blood Flow

Venous valves and skeletal muscle contractions pump blood back to the heart in veins, despite low pressure.

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Renin

A hormone released by the kidneys that promotes vasoconstriction, increasing blood pressure.

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Nutrient and Gas Exchange

Capillaries are the blood vessels where nutrient and gas exchange with tissues occurs due to their thin walls.

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Vein Valves

Valves in veins prevent backflow of blood, ensuring one-way flow back to the heart.

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Tunica Media and Blood Pressure

The tunica media, a layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers in arteries, is responsible for maintaining blood pressure.

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Venous Sinuses

Flattened veins with large lumens allowing for low-resistance blood flow, found in areas like the brain and heart.

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Fenestrated Capillaries

Capillaries with small pores called fenestrations, increasing permeability for nutrient and fluid exchange.

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Thoracic Pump

Pressure changes in the thorax during breathing help move blood from the lower body to the heart, assisting venous return.

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Precapillary Sphincters

These structures control blood flow to individual capillary beds, allowing for efficient delivery of oxygen to tissues with varying demands.

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Pulse Pressure

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, indicating the strength of the arterial pulse.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System - Heart and Blood Vessels

  • Heart Structure and Function
    • The fibrous sac surrounding and protecting the heart is the pericardium (C).
    • The myocardium is the heart layer responsible for contraction (B).
    • Chordae tendineae anchor heart valves (A).
    • The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs (C).
    • The foramen ovale allows fetal blood to bypass the lungs (A).
    • The sinoatrial (SA) node is the heart's pacemaker (D).
    • The "lub" sound is from AV valve closure (C).
    • The interventricular septum separates the ventricles (A).
    • Diastole is the relaxation phase of the heart (B).
    • Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (B).
    • Fibrillation is rapid, irregular heart contractions (C).
    • The vagus nerve slows heart rate (B).
    • The AV node's inherent rate is 20-40 bpm (A).
    • Pulmonary congestion occurs with left-sided heart failure (B).
    • Systole is the contraction phase (A).
    • The aortic valve prevents backflow into the left ventricle (D).
    • Calcium binds to troponin for muscle contraction (C).
    • The bundle of His carries impulses from the AV node to the ventricles (C).
    • The right ventricle pumps into the pulmonary trunk (B).
    • The left anterior descending artery supplies the left ventricle and septum (B).
    • The QRS complex on an ECG corresponds to ventricular depolarization (B).
    • Cardiac output at 75 bpm and 70 mL/beat is 5.25 L/min (A).
    • The interventricular septum prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixing (C).
    • Autorhythmicity is the heart's ability to initiate its own impulses (C).
    • Stenosis is thickening and stiffening of heart valves, causing narrowing (C).
    • The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and contractility (B).
    • The "dub" sound is from semilunar valve closure (B).
    • The heart primarily uses aerobic muscle fibers for energy (C).

Blood Vessels

  • General Structure and Function

    • The tunica media is composed mainly of smooth muscle and elastic fibers (B).
    • Veins have the largest lumen and lowest blood pressure (C).
    • Capillaries exchange nutrients and waste with tissues (C).
    • Elastic arteries act as pressure reservoirs (B).
    • Capillaries are the smallest vessels, allowing single-cell passage (B).
    • Sinusoidal capillaries have large gaps and an incomplete basement membrane (C).
    • Arterioles control blood flow into capillaries (B).
    • Venous valves prevent backflow (B).
    • Veins are capacitance vessels, storing blood volume (C).
    • Arterioles are resistance vessels, regulating blood flow (B).
    • Blood pressure drives blood flow (B).
    • Vascular shunts bypass capillary beds (B).
    • The aorta is the largest artery (B).
    • Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure in the aortic arch and carotid sinus (B).
    • Continuous capillaries are common in the brain (forming the blood-brain barrier) (A).
    • The tunica externa anchors blood vessels (B).
    • Large veins and arteries have vasa vasorum (B).
    • Venules drain blood from capillaries (A).
    • Varicose veins are dilated and painful due to incompetent valves (B).
    • Capillary sphincters control blood flow to capillary beds (B).
    • Arteries have the thickest tunica media (C).
    • Vessel diameter significantly affects peripheral resistance (A).
    • An aneurysm is an abnormal bulging of an arterial wall (A).
    • Anastomoses are connections between blood vessels, providing alternative pathways (B).
    • Muscular arteries distribute blood to organs (B).
    • Venous valves and muscle contractions drive venous return (B).
    • Renin regulates blood pressure via vasoconstriction (A).
    • Capillaries are essential for tissue nutrient and gas exchange (B).
    • Venous valves ensure one-way blood flow (B).
    • The tunica media maintains blood pressure and circulation (C).

  • Additional Concepts

    • Venous sinuses are flattened veins facilitating low-resistance flow in brain and heart areas (C).
    • Fenestrated capillaries have small pores (fenestrations) for increased permeability (B).
    • The thoracic pump aids venous return by pressure changes during breathing (B).
    • Precapillary sphincters allow oxygen delivery to tissues based on demand (A).
    • Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure (B).
    • Capillaries have the highest cross-sectional area and lowest velocity, maximizing diffusion (B).
    • Vasoconstriction decreases blood flow and increases resistance (B).
    • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) lowers blood pressure (C).
    • The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the digestive system to the liver (B).
    • Systemic blood pressure decreases moving from arteries to veins (C).
    • Vasculitis is inflammation of blood vessels, causing permeability (B).
    • Lymphatic vessels drain interstitial fluid (A).
    • Arteries have thick tunica media, resisting pressure from heart contractions (B).
    • Hepatic portal circulation processes nutrients and toxins absorbed from the digestive tract (B).
    • Chemoreceptors detect changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH (B).

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Description

Test your understanding of the cardiovascular system, focusing on the structure and function of the heart and blood vessels. This quiz covers essential concepts such as heart layers, blood flow, and electrical conduction. Challenge yourself with questions about heart anatomy and physiology.

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