Anatomy of the Thorax - Cardiovascular System
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Questions and Answers

What causes the closure of the AV valve?

  • Blood pressure in the atria
  • Contraction of tendinous cords (correct)
  • Relaxation of the ventricles
  • Filling of blood in the ventricles

    • What sound is produced by the closure of the Aortic and pulmonary valves?

  • Lub
  • Thud
  • Click
  • Dub (correct)

    • Where are the semilunar valves located?

  • At the junction of the superior and inferior vena cavae
  • In the ventricles themselves
  • At the origin of the aorta and pulmonary trunk (correct)
  • Between the atria and the ventricles

    • Which area is used to listen to the mitral valve?

    <p>5th Intercostal Space Left Midclavicular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the impulse that causes the atrial contraction?

    <p>SA node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does blood flow influence the projection of heart sounds?

    <p>Blood carries sound in the same direction as its flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is myogenic conduction in the context of the heart's impulse conduction?

    <p>Conduction characterized by spontaneous muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first heart sound, 'Lub', associated with?

    <p>Closure of the AV valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the heart rate when the force of contraction increases?

    <p>Heart rate increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about sympathetic innervation is correct?

    <p>Thoracic cardiac branches contribute to the cardiac plexus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect on impulse conduction when atrial contractility decreases?

    <p>Impulse conduction decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The interaction between which two systems primarily regulates the heart's function?

    <p>Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the apex of the heart?

    <p>Inferolateral part of the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do coronary arteries respond to sympathetic stimulation?

    <p>They constrict to reduce blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the left ventricle in the heart?

    <p>To pump oxygenated blood to the rest of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the autonomic nervous system affect ventricular contractility?

    <p>Increases through sympathetic activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the apex beat generally felt?

    <p>4th or 5th intercostal spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is located posteriorly to the apex of the heart?

    <p>Left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure primarily receives parasympathetic innervation near the heart?

    <p>SA node.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes the walls of the left ventricle from those of the right ventricle?

    <p>They contain finer and more numerous trabeculae carneae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a decrease in rates of depolarization in pacemaker cells generally have?

    <p>Decreases heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily forms the base of the heart?

    <p>Left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the aortic orifice located in the left ventricle?

    <p>In the right posterosuperior part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT located posterior to the base of the heart?

    <p>Coronary sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the mitral valve in the heart?

    <p>To separate the left atrium and left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How far is the apex of the heart typically from the median plane?

    <p>9 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the interventricular septum?

    <p>It has both muscular and membranous parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles in the left ventricle are larger compared to those in the right ventricle?

    <p>Papillary muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the base of the heart from the vertebral bodies?

    <p>Pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily contributes to the formation of the left atrium?

    <p>Pulmonary veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The semilunar aortic valve is located in relation to which anatomical structures?

    <p>Between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate anatomical level of the mitral valve?

    <p>At the level of the 4th costal cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure opens into the superior part of the right atrium?

    <p>Superior vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the inferior vena cava open into the right atrium?

    <p>At the level of the 5th costal cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

    <p>It opens to let blood from the right atrium enter the right ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure forms the base of the heart?

    <p>Left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the left atrium?

    <p>To receive oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lies between the right AV orifice and the inferior vena cava orifice?

    <p>Coronary sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of the left atrium helps in muscle contraction?

    <p>Pectinate muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the conus arteriosus in the heart?

    <p>It leads into the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure leading to the aortic orifice and aortic valve?

    <p>Aortic vestibule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the aortic orifice located?

    <p>Right posterosuperior part of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are attached to the fibrous ring surrounding the aortic orifice?

    <p>Right posterior and left cusps of the aortic valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the position of the mitral valve in relation to the sternum?

    <p>Posterior to the sternum at the level of the 4th costal cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following valves has two cusps?

    <p>Mitral valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ascending aorta begins at which location?

    <p>Aortic orifice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical position of the semilunar aortic valve?

    <p>Posterior to the sternum at the level of the 3rd intercostal space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature characterizes the ventricular wall as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Irregular trabeculae carneae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomy of the Thorax

    • Lectures for 2024-2025
    • Writer: Amal Alismail & Mariyyah Al Bladi
    • Reviewer: Maryam Alanazi
    • Notes include doctor explanations, abbreviations, key information, and references.
    • Specific notes for 221-223 are included.

    Cardiovascular System

    • Structure of Heart and Blood Vessels
    • Theme 14, Part A
    • Dr. Naheed Kausar, Assistant Professor
    • Anatomy Division, Biomedical Sciences
    • College of Medicine, King Faisal University
    • Date: 12/22/2024

    The Heart (Right and Left)

    • The Right heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs.
    • Superior Vena Cava (SVC) and Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) carry blood, connecting in the right atrium.
    • The Left heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it around the body.
    • Blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for oxygenation.
    • The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart.
    • The aorta distributes blood to the body.

    Learning Objectives

    • Orientation of the heart in the thoracic cavity
    • Anatomy of the heart including layers, chambers, apex, base, and septum
    • Structure and function of heart valves (semilunar, tricuspid, mitral) and papillary muscles
    • Conducting system of the heart, including structure
    • Blood vessels of the heart (coronary arteries and coronary sinus)
    • Vagus nerve and sympathetic trunk effects on heart function and pericardial sac
    • Pericardium structure and function

    The Heart (General)

    • The heart is a pump, roughly the size of a fist
    • It has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles
    • The chambers work in a coordinated cycle to pump blood in two different directions
    • The cardiac cycle involves the pumping actions of two atrioventricular (AV) pumps.
    • The cycle starts with a phase of ventricular filling and ends with a phase of ventricular emptying.

    Heart as a Pyramid

    • The heart is roughly pyramid-shaped in three dimensions.
    • The heart has four faces, an apex, and a base.
    • Anterior surface, diaphragmatic surface, left pulmonary surface, and right pulmonary surface are important anatomical regions.

    Orientation of Heart in Thoracic Cavity

    • The apex of the heart points downwards and slightly to the left, deep to the 5th intercostal space.
    • The base of the heart is positioned opposite the apex, facing posteriorly, opposite T6-T9 when standing.

    The Apex of the Heart

    • Formed by the inferolateral part of the left ventricle.
    • Typically located approximately 9 cm from the median plane.
    • Mitral valve closure sounds are maximal at the apex beat.

    The Base of the Heart

    • Formed primarily by the left atrium
    • Faces posteriorly
    • Is separated from the vertebrae by the pericardium

    The Cardiovascular System (How it Works)

    • Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava.
    • The right atrium pumps the blood to the right ventricle.
    • The right ventricle pumps the blood to the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs.
    • The lungs oxygenate the blood.
    • Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.
    • The left atrium pumps the blood to the left ventricle.
    • The left ventricle pumps the blood into the aorta, which distributes it throughout the body.

    External Features of the Heart

    • The heart has four borders.
    • There are grooves that separate the chambers

    Layers of Wall of Heart

    • Endocardium, the innermost layer, lines the heart chambers and covers the valves.
    • Myocardium, the middle layer, mostly cardiac muscle.
    • Epicardium, the outermost layer (visceral pericardium), covers the heart and the beginning of the great vessels.

    Valves of the Heart

    • The heart has four valves: two atrioventricular (AV) valves (tricuspid and mitral) and two semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic).
    • Tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle
    • Mitral valve is between the left atrium and the left ventricle
    • Pulmonary valve is at the exit of the right ventricle
    • Aortic valve is at the exit of the left ventricle
    • Semilunar valves prevent backflow in the heart

    Semilunar Valves

    • Pulmonary and aortic valves, each with three cusps
    • These valves do not have tendinous cords.

    Heart Sounds

    • Heart sounds are produced by the snapping shut of heart valves.
    • Lub (1st sound) – closure of the AV valves
    • Dub (2nd sound) – closure of the semilunar valves.

    The Conducting System of the Heart

    • SA node initiates the heartbeat.
    • SA node signals travel through the heart and cause muscle contractions.

    Arterial Supply to Heart

    • Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart tissue.
    • The right coronary artery and left coronary artery branch off the aorta and supply different parts of the heart.
    • Multiple branches are present

    Venous Drainage of the Heart

    • The coronary veins collect deoxygenated blood from the heart
    • Coronary sinus is the major vessel
    • Several veins drain into the coronary sinus
    • Anterior cardiac veins drain directly into the right atrium.

    Autonomic Innervation

    • The heart receives input from both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
    • Vagus nerve influences the heart with parasympathetic stimulation.
    • The sympathetic nervous system accelerates the heart and constricts the coronary arteries.

    Pericardium

    • A double-layered membrane surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels.
    • Consists of fibrous and serous layers.
    • Lubricates the heart and the tissues for movement and protection

    The Pericardial Cavity

    • A potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium.
    • Contains fluid for lubrication and protection of tissues in heart movement.

    References

    • Clinically Oriented Anatomy (8th ed.)

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    Anatomy of The Thorax 2024-2025 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the structure and function of the heart and blood vessels as part of the anatomy of the thorax. It includes insights from lectures conducted in the 2024-2025 academic year, focusing on the right and left heart operations. Key information, abbreviations, and relevant references will also be addressed.

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