Cardiovascular System: Heart and Blood Supply

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Questions and Answers

What is the location of the SA Node?

In the area where the pulmonary trunk enters the RV

In the area where the IVC enters the RA

In the area where the aorta enters the LV

In the area where the SVC enters the RA (correct)

What is the thickness of the RV myocardium compared to the LV?

2x thicker

Equal in thickness

Half the thickness

1/3 the thickness (correct)

What is the function of papillary muscles?

To control the tricuspid valve (correct)

To control the mitral valve

To pump blood from the heart

To regulate the heart rate

What is the location of the left atrium?

Posteriorly situated Signup and view all the answers

What is the nerve supply to the heart responsible for?

Regulating the heart rate and force of contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the outflow part of the RV?

Infundibulum Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the oesophagus in relation to the left atrium?

Immediately posterior Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the trabeculae carnae?

To form muscular ridges in the ventricles Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sympathetic innervation in the heart?

Increases heart rate and force of contraction, dilates coronary arteries Signup and view all the answers

Which artery supplies oxygenated blood to the myocardium?

Coronary artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the tunica media in the walls of arteries?

To provide smooth muscle for vasoconstriction and vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between superficial and deep veins?

Superficial veins are superficial and have fewer valves, deep veins are deeper and have more valves Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lymphatic system in the cardiovascular system?

To drain excess fluid from the tissue spaces and transport it back into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the reduction of blood supply to the heart muscle?

Ischemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the coronary sinus?

To collect deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

To regulate blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is a bronchopulmonary segment?

Largest subdivision of a lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of type II cells in the alveoli?

To secrete surfactant Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the passageways that connect respiratory bronchioles to alveoli?

Alveolar ducts Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the veins that drain lung tissues?

Bronchial veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the lymphatic plexus that drains lung tissue and visceral pleura?

Subpleural lymphatic plexus Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the left bronchial artery?

Descending thoracic aorta Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cells that form the respiratory membrane?

Type I cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of alveoli in each lung?

150 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pulmonary ligament?

Provides space into which pulmonary veins can expand during increased venous return Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the diaphragm during respiration?

Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity to draw air in Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the potential space between the two layers of the pleural sac?

Pleural cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is involved in inspiration?

Serratus anterior Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the visceral pleura?

Covering the surfaces and fissures of the lung Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the thick median partition that separates the right and left pleural cavities?

Mediastinum Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the physical movement of air into and out of the bronchial tree?

Pulmonary ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of each lung?

A blunt cone with the apex pointing superiorly Signup and view all the answers

What are the two parts of the pericardium?

Fibrous pericardium and Serous pericardium Signup and view all the answers

Which surface of the heart faces inferiorly and rests on the diaphragm?

Diaphragmatic surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the heart?

Conical Signup and view all the answers

How many chambers does the heart have?

4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the right atrium?

Receives venous blood from the whole body Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the ridge in the right atrium?

Crista terminalis Signup and view all the answers

What is the groove that separates the atria from the ventricles?

Atrioventricular groove Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiac Plexus and Synapse

The cardiac plexus is found in the walls of the atria and decreases heart rate, force of contraction, and constricts coronary arteries.
Sympathetic innervation, on the other hand, increases heart rate and force of contraction, and dilates coronary arteries.

Coronary Arteries

The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle.
The right coronary artery and left coronary artery are the two main branches of the coronary arteries.
The circumflex artery, marginal artery, anterior interventricular artery, and posterior interventricular artery are some of the smaller branches.

Coronary Sinus

The coronary sinus is the largest vein of the heart and opens into the right atrium.
It receives tributaries from the great cardiac vein, small cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, and others.

Blood Flow

The blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, then to the lungs, and then to the left atrium, left ventricle, and finally to the rest of the body.

Arteries

Arteries have elastic tissue in their walls, which enables them to recover their original diameter after expansion.
This recoil propels blood during diastole and is responsible for filling the coronary arteries.
Arteries divide into smaller arteries with less elastic tissue and more muscular tissue, which eventually divide into arterioles.
Arterioles are responsible for maintaining blood pressure by providing peripheral resistance.

Arterial Structure

The walls of arteries have three coats: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia.
Vasoconstriction decreases the size of the lumen, while vasodilation increases it.

Veins

Veins have less elastic tissue than arteries and are more distensible.
They receive tributaries that enter the heart and have low pressure.
Valves are found in the lower half of the body to ensure the flow of blood to the heart.
Veins above the heart do not require valves.

Types of Veins

Superficial veins are deep to the skin and drain into the deep veins.
Deep veins are deep to the muscle and have a more direct route to the heart.

Superior Vena Cava

The superior vena cava drains blood from the head, neck, upper limb, and thorax.
It receives blood from the internal jugular vein, subclavian vein, and brachiocephalic veins.

Lymphatics

The lymphatic system carries clear fluid called lymph.
Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs, lymph nodes, and lymphoid follicles.
The lymphatic system drains from tissue spaces protein-containing fluid that escapes from the blood capillaries and transports it back into the bloodstream.
It also transports fats from the gastrointestinal tract to the bloodstream and produces lymphocytes.

Heart

The heart is a 4-chambered organ with a fibroserous sac enclosing it.
The pericardium has two parts: the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium.
The heart has an atrial surface, a ventricular surface, a base, and an apex.
The right atrium receives venous blood from the whole body and sends it to the right ventricle.
The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.

Right Atrium

The right atrium receives blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
The crista terminalis and musculi pectinati are prominent features of the right atrium.
The fossa ovalis is a thumbprint impression above the inferior vena cava opening.

Right Ventricle

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs.
The outflow part of the right ventricle is the infundibulum.
The trabeculae carnae and papillary muscles are found in the right ventricle.

Left Atrium

The left atrium receives blood from the four pulmonary veins.
The interior of the left atrium is smooth-walled.

Left Ventricle

The left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.
The outflow from the left ventricle is the aorta.
The interior of the left ventricle has trabeculae carnae, papillary muscles, and chordae tendinae.

Nerve Supply

The heart is supplied by the autonomic nervous system, which regulates heart rate, force of contraction, and cardiac output.
Parasympathetic innervation decreases heart rate, while sympathetic innervation increases it.

Bronchopulmonary Segments

Each lobe of the lungs can be divided into smaller units called bronchopulmonary segments.
Each segment has a segmental bronchus and a tertiary branch of the pulmonary artery.
The segments are supplied by the pulmonary veins and are surgically resectable.

Respiratory System

The respiratory system consists of the bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.
The alveoli are the site of gas exchange, and the type II cells produce surfactant to reduce surface tension.

Arterial Supply of Lungs

The bronchial arteries arise from the systemic circulation and supply the lung and its associated tissues with nutrients.
The left bronchial artery arises from the descending thoracic aorta, and the right bronchial artery arises from the 3rd posterior intercostal artery.

Venous Drainage of Lungs

The bronchial veins drain the lung tissues and drain into the azygos vein or the accessory hemiazygos vein.
The pulmonary veins drain the oxygenated blood from the lungs and drain into the left atrium.

Lymphatic Drainage of Lungs

The superficial lymphatic plexus drains the lung tissue and visceral pleura.
The bronchopulmonary (hilar) lymph nodes drain the lung and its associated tissues.

Pleura

The pleura is a double-layered sac that surrounds the lung and lines the pulmonary cavity.
The visceral pleura covers the lung and fissures, and the parietal pleura lines the pulmonary cavity.
The pulmonary ligament is a fold of parietal pleura that provides space for the pulmonary veins to expand.

Thoracic Cavity

The thoracic cavity contains the right and left pleural cavities, which are completely invaginated and occupied by the lungs.
The mediastinum is a thick median partition that separates the right and left pleural cavities.
The heart lies in the mediastinum.

Pulmonary Ventilation

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the physical movement of air into and out of the bronchial tree.
The respiratory muscles, including the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and others, are responsible for pulmonary ventilation.

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Description

This quiz covers the cardiac plexus, sympathetic innervation, and coronary arteries in the cardiovascular system, exploring their functions and effects on heart rate and contraction.