Cardiovascular Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is defined as the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure?

  • Peripheral resistance
  • Mean blood pressure
  • Cardiac output
  • Pulse pressure (correct)

When is systolic pressure measured during the cardiac cycle?

  • When the aorta is at its minimum diameter
  • During the filling of the ventricles
  • When the heart is in diastole
  • During the ejection of blood into the aorta (correct)

Which formula represents the relationship between blood pressure, cardiac output, and peripheral vascular resistance?

  • BP = CO * PVR (correct)
  • BP = CO - PVR
  • BP = CO + PVR
  • BP = CO / PVR

What is the typical range for diastolic pressure in a young adult human?

<p>70 mm Hg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is considered non-invasive for measuring blood pressure?

<p>Sphygmomanometer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can affect arterial pressure according to the physiological perspective?

<p>Changes in cardiac output and peripheral resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mean blood pressure calculated from diastolic pressure and pulse pressure?

<p>Diastolic BP + 1/3 pulse pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard unit of measurement for blood pressure?

<p>Millimeters of mercury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the atrial reflex on Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion?

<p>Reduces ADH secretion leading to increased fluid loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is responsible for increasing heart rate due to increased blood volume and atrial stretching?

<p>Bainbridge reflex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do chemoreceptors have on arterial pressure when stimulated?

<p>They elevate arterial pressure back toward normal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is secreted by the kidneys in response to decreased blood pressure?

<p>Renin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the stimulation of chemoreceptors in the body?

<p>Decreased blood flow causing low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does the central nervous system ischemic response typically occur?

<p>When blood pressure falls below 60 mmHg. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does angiotensin II play in regulating arterial blood pressure?

<p>Acts as a potent vasoconstrictor to raise arterial pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does angiotensin II influence renal function and fluid retention?

<p>Acts on the kidneys to promote salt and water retention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do low-pressure receptors have in monitoring the cardiovascular system?

<p>They detect changes in blood volume on the venous side. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response occurs from the stretching of atrial walls?

<p>Dilatation of afferent arterioles in the kidneys. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component triggers the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?

<p>Rennin enzyme (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure contains the chemoreceptors that send signals to the vasomotor center?

<p>Carotid bodies and aortic bodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of vasoconstriction induced by angiotensin II?

<p>Increased total peripheral resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the excess carbon dioxide in the blood affect the sympathetic nervous control areas?

<p>It enhances sympathetic activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for the synthesis of renin?

<p>Juxtaglomerular cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding arterial pressure control is FALSE?

<p>Low-pressure receptors respond to systemic arterial pressure changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of valves in the abdominal veins?

<p>They prevent backward flow of blood to the central veins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does blood volume affect venous pressure?

<p>Increased blood volume increases venous pressure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers increased contractile activity in venous smooth muscle?

<p>Sympathetic nervous system activity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average central venous pressure at the entrance into the right atrium?

<p>4.6 mm Hg. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does strong pumping of the right heart have on right atrial pressure?

<p>It causes right atrial pressure to decrease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily regulates right atrial pressure?

<p>The balance between heart output and peripheral venous inflow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical pressure in the venules?

<p>12–18 mm Hg. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to right atrial pressure if there is rapid inflow of blood from the peripheral veins?

<p>It elevates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the baroreceptors located in the aortic arch?

<p>To affect blood flow to every organ in the systemic circuit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does stimulation of the baroreceptors have on arterial blood pressure when it increases?

<p>Causes vasodilation and decreases heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do baroreceptors relay information regarding blood pressure changes to the medulla?

<p>Via the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the chemoreceptors in the regulation of arterial blood pressure?

<p>To detect and respond to physiological changes in carbon dioxide levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the vasoconstrictor center of the medulla when arterial blood pressure is elevated?

<p>It is inhibited to reduce peripheral resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the impact of decreased blood pressure on baroreceptor function?

<p>It inhibits the baroreceptors leading to a rise in pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the body's short-term regulation of blood pressure?

<p>Baroreceptor feedback mechanism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of aldosterone in the kidneys?

<p>Increases salt and water reabsorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT involved in enhancing venous return?

<p>Increased arterial pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the cardiac inhibitory center in response to increased arterial blood pressure?

<p>It is stimulated to help lower heart rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the muscle pump facilitate venous return?

<p>By compressing veins and pushing blood toward the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the renin-angiotensin system in response to low arterial pressure?

<p>Renin release from the kidneys (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the thoracic pump, what occurs during inhalation?

<p>Abdominal pressure decreases, increasing blood flow to the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the volume of blood in veins compared to arteries?

<p>Veins contain a greater volume of blood than arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological effect does angiotensin II have on blood vessels?

<p>Causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does venomotor tone play in venous pressure?

<p>It increases venous return by constricting veins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Arterial Blood Pressure

The force exerted by blood against the walls of an artery.

Systolic Pressure

The highest pressure in the artery, occurring during the contraction of the heart's left ventricle.

Diastolic Pressure

The lowest pressure in the artery, occurring during the heart's relaxation phase.

Pulse Pressure

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, typically around 40 mmHg.

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Mean Blood Pressure

A measure of the average blood pressure throughout a heartbeat cycle.

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Sphygmomanometer

A device used to measure blood pressure non-invasively.

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Palpatory Method

A method of measuring blood pressure by feeling for the pulse.

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Invasive Method

Direct measurement of blood pressure using a cannula inserted into an artery.

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Arterial Blood Pressure Regulation

A system that regulates arterial blood pressure (BP) by sensing and responding to changes in pressure.

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Baroreceptors

Specialized receptors in the aorta and carotid arteries that detect changes in blood pressure.

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Baroreceptor Feedback Mechanism

The primary mechanism for regulating blood pressure that involves baroreceptors, the medulla oblongata, and the autonomic nervous system.

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Aortic Arch

The location where baroreceptors are found in the aorta.

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Carotid Sinuses

The location where baroreceptors are found in the carotid arteries.

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Glossopharyngeal Nerves

Nerves that transmit signals from carotid baroreceptors to the medulla oblongata.

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Vagus Nerves

Nerves that transmit signals from aortic baroreceptors to the medulla oblongata.

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Medulla Oblongata

The brain region responsible for regulating heart rate and blood vessel diameter.

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Aldosterone

A hormone that is released from the adrenal glands in response to Angiotensin II. It increases salt and water reabsorption in the kidneys.

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Renin

A hormone that is produced in the kidneys and helps to regulate blood pressure.

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Angiotensinogen

A protein that is produced by the liver and converted to angiotensin II, which promotes vasoconstriction and aldosterone release.

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Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)

An enzyme present in the lungs that converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II.

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Angiotensin II

A vasoconstrictor that is a powerful regulator of blood pressure. It is formed from angiotensinogen by the action of ACE.

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Venous Return

The force that pushes blood through the veins back to the heart. It is influenced by a pressure gradient between the peripheral veins and the right atrium.

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Venomotor Tone

The ability of veins to constrict and regulate blood flow. It plays a role in venous return.

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Skeletal Muscle Pump

A mechanism that enhances venous return by squeezing blood out of the veins during muscle contractions.

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Pressure Gradient During Inspiration

The pressure difference between the central veins and abdominal veins during inspiration.

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Role of Valves in Abdominal Veins

Valves in abdominal veins prevent backflow of blood during inspiration, ensuring blood moves towards the heart.

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Thoracic Pressure and Blood Flow

Increased thoracic pressure during inspiration drives blood flow from central veins to the heart.

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Blood Volume and Venous Pressure

Venous pressure increases with increasing blood volume.

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Central Venous Pressure

The pressure measured in the right atrium, reflecting the balance between blood entering and leaving the heart.

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Heart Strength and Central Venous Pressure

A strong heart pumps more blood out of the right atrium, reducing the pressure there.

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Blood Inflow and Central Venous Pressure

Rapid blood inflow into the right atrium increases the pressure there.

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Chemoreceptors

Located in two carotid bodies (at the bifurcation of each common carotid artery) and aortic bodies, these specialized organs detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions.

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Central Nervous System Ischemic Mechanism

When blood pressure drops below 60mmHg, the brain's vasomotor center experiences reduced blood flow (ischemia). This triggers the release of carbon dioxide, which powerfully stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate and blood vessel constriction, thus raising blood pressure.

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Chemoreceptor Reflex

The chemoreceptor reflex is activated when arterial pressure falls below 80mmHg, signaling the vasomotor center to increase blood pressure.

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Low-Pressure Receptors (Volume Receptors)

Stretch receptors located in the atria and pulmonary arteries, which respond to changes in blood volume and venous pressure.

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Atrial Reflexes to the Kidneys

These reflexes help regulate blood volume and arterial pressure by acting on the kidneys.

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Afferent Arteriole Dilation

The stretch of the atria triggers a reflex dilation of the afferent arterioles in the kidneys, increasing the filtration of fluids into the renal tubules.

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Low-Pressure Receptor Function

Low-pressure receptors respond to stretch and act as baroreceptors, but they monitor venous pressure and detect changes in blood volume.

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Venous Pressure Monitoring

These receptors monitor venous pressure and trigger reflexes to regulate blood volume and ultimately arterial pressure.

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Bainbridge Reflex

A reflex triggered by increased blood volume and atrial stretching, causing increased heart rate to prevent blood buildup in veins, atria, and pulmonary circulation.

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Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

The hormone released from the heart in response to atrial stretching, causing increased urine output and decreased blood volume.

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Renin-Angiotensin System

The group of hormones responsible for regulating blood pressure through vasoconstriction and fluid retention.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular Physiology

  • Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the vessel wall, measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).
  • Systolic pressure is the peak pressure during heart contraction (ejection of blood into the aorta), typically around 120 mm Hg in young adults.
  • Diastolic pressure is the minimum pressure during heart relaxation (elastic recoil of the aorta), typically around 70 mm Hg in young adults.
  • Blood pressure is often written as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure (e.g., 120/70 mm Hg).
  • Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures, normally around 40 mm Hg.
  • Mean blood pressure is the average pressure throughout the cardiac cycle, calculated as diastolic pressure plus one-third of the pulse pressure.
  • Blood pressure is measured invasively by inserting a cannula into an artery and using a mercury manometer or a calibrated strain gauge.
  • Blood pressure can also be measured non-invasively using a sphygmomanometer (palpatory or auscultatory methods).
  • Arterial pressure is controlled by several mechanisms, including baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the central nervous system ischemic mechanism.
  • Baroreceptors, located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses, detect changes in blood pressure and send signals to the medulla of the brain to regulate heart rate and vascular tone.
  • Chemoreceptors, located in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies, detect changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels in the blood and influence pressure.
  • Central nervous system ischemic responses maintain cerebral blood flow by vasoconstriction and increasing heart rate when blood flow to the vasomotor center is compromised.
  • Arterial pressure is a product of cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance.
  • Venous pressure is lower than arterial pressure.
  • Venous return is dependent on skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, blood volume, and venomotor tone.
  • Central venous pressure is the pressure in the right atrium.
  • Atrial reflexes regulate blood volume via effects on the kidneys.
  • Regulation of arterial pressure also involves the renin-angiotensin system.
  • Renin, released by the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys, triggers a cascade that results in angiotensin II production.
  • Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and increases salt and water retention by the kidneys, which increase in blood pressure.
  • Blood volume affects venous pressure, impacting heart function.

References

  • Ganong textbook of physiology
  • Guyton and Hall textbook of physiology
  • Principle of human physiology (5th edition)

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