Cardiovascular System Disorders Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a direct consequence of prolonged ischemia in myocardial infarction?

  • Enhanced blood flow
  • Increased cardiac output
  • Myocardial cell death (correct)
  • Improved heart function

    • Which condition is a potential result of coronary artery disease?

  • Coronary spasm
  • Heart attack (correct)
  • Heart murmur
  • Ischemic stroke

    • What characteristic change occurs in affected arteries due to the deposition of lipids?

  • Formation of plaques or atheromas (correct)
  • Thinning of the arterial wall
  • Reduction in blood volume
  • Increased elasticity

    • Which of the following symptoms would most likely indicate a patient is experiencing angina?

    <p>Chest pain or discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the structure and function of arteries affected by atherosclerosis?

    <p>They exhibit plaque buildup and hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of ischemic heart disease?

    <p>Inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a condition related to ischemic heart disease?

    <p>Rheumatoid Heart Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is characterized by plaque buildup in arteries?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cardiovascular deaths in the UAE is attributed to acute myocardial infarction?

    <p>22%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to elevated blood pressure?

    <p>Heart action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a type of infection associated with cardiovascular disorders?

    <p>Bacterial Endocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of heart disease involves inflammation linked to autoimmune responses?

    <p>Vasculitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of atherosclerosis in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Reduced blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic that differentiates angina from myocardial infarction?

    <p>Duration of ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is associated with left-sided congestive heart failure?

    <p>Orthopnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of rheumatic heart disease?

    <p>Haemolytic streptococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications is NOT a potential outcome of a myocardial infarction?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results from pulmonary edema due to left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valvular structure is most often affected in rheumatic heart disease?

    <p>Mitral valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected treatment to relieve angina symptoms?

    <p>Rest or nitroglycerin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential symptom of right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Jugular vein distention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the presence of excessive tension exerted by blood on arterial walls?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common sign or symptom of congenital heart disease?

    <p>Frequent headaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypertension is most common and has an unknown etiology?

    <p>Primary Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic test will typically reveal cardiomegaly in congenital heart disease?

    <p>CXR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of Tetralogy of Fallot?

    <p>Aortic regurgitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malignant hypertension can be described as:

    <p>Uncontrollable and rapidly progressive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with congenital heart disease in infants?

    <p>Clubbed fingernails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is usually required for severe congenital heart defects?

    <p>Surgical repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for hypertension?

    <p>Physical inactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom commonly associated with hypertension?

    <p>Headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can be a complication of hypertension?

    <p>Cerebrovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended lifestyle change to help control hypertension?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of controlling blood pressure before aneurysm surgery?

    <p>It prevents sudden elevations in blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary change is advised to manage hypertension?

    <p>Decrease fat and salt intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a recognized risk factor for hypertension?

    <p>Regular physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is hypertension considered a significant health risk?

    <p>It leads to chronic conditions such as kidney failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular System Disorders

    • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality in the UAE, with 22% of deaths attributed to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 16% to cerebrovascular disease, 6% to ischemic heart disease and 5% to hypertension.

    Objectives

    • Common cardiovascular pathology
    • Ischemic Heart Disease
    • Atherosclerosis
    • Angina Pectoris
    • Coronary Artery Disease
    • Myocardial Infarction
    • Congestive Heart Failure
    • Rheumatic Heart Disease
    • Hypertension
    • Aneurysm

    Ischemic Heart Disease

    • Occurs due to inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle.
    • A general term encompassing various conditions affecting the heart due to insufficient blood supply.
    • Potential causes include atherosclerosis and spasm.

    Atherosclerosis

    • A generalized condition affecting large and small arteries and arterioles.
    • Characterized by lipid deposits within the arterial intima.
    • Leads to calcification, thrombosis, and fibrosis.
    • Forms plaques (atheromas) leading to vessel hypertrophy and loss of elasticity.
    • Can cause organ damage.

    Angina Pectoris

    • A symptom of ischemic heart disease.

    Myocardial Infarction (MI) - Heart Attack

    • Occurs when a coronary artery is completely blocked, causing prolonged ischemia (more than 20 minutes).
    • Resulting in cell death (necrosis) or infarction of the myocardium.

    Angina vs. MI

    • Angina: decreased blood flow, ischemia for a short time, pain relieved by rest/nitroglycerin.
    • MI: absence of blood flow, prolonged ischemia, severe pain not relieved by rest/medicines, myocardial tissue death.

    Diagnostic and Surgical Treatment

    • Coronary angiography
    • Echocardiogram
    • Other diagnostic and surgical procedures aid physicians.

    Coronary Artery Stent Procedure

    • A treatment for coronary disease.

    Complications of MI

    • Dysrhythmias (irregular heart rhythm) due to conduction system damage.
    • Congestive heart failure.
    • Death.

    Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

    • Left-sided failure: Results in pulmonary edema, characterized by:
      • Dyspnea (shortness of breath).
      • Orthopnea (difficulty breathing when lying down).
      • Productive cough (with mucus).
      • Frothy sputum.
      • Crackles (abnormal lung sounds).
      • Pallor (pale skin).
    • Right-sided failure: Results in:
      • JVD (Jugular vein distention).
      • Edema (swelling) in legs and feet.
      • Ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen).
      • Hepatomegaly (liver enlargement).
      • Fatigue.

    Rheumatic Heart Disease

    • Caused by hemolytic strep, typically a throat infection.
    • Leads to carditis and valvulitis (inflammation of the heart valves).
    • Potentially causing heart valve deformities (stenosis and insufficiency).
    • The mitral valve is often affected.

    Congenital Heart Disease

    • Any heart and/or major blood vessel defect present at birth.
    • Examples include: septal defects, valvular defects, tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary valve stenosis, ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy.

    Tetralogy of Fallot

    • A specific type of congenital heart disease.
    • Involves four defects: overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, and right ventricular hypertrophy.

    Congenital Heart Disease - Signs & Symptoms

    • Dyspnea on exertion
    • Tachycardia
    • Diaphoresis
    • Clubbed fingernails
    • Cyanosis (Blue Baby)

    Congenital Heart Disease - Diagnosis

    • Severe congenital defects are diagnosed at birth.
    • Imaging techniques like CXR (Chest X-Ray) and echocardiogram identify defects.
    • ECG (Electrocardiogram) helps in evaluation.
    • Catheterization is also employed.

    Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease

    • Typically involves surgical repair.

    Hypertension

    • A condition characterized by excessive blood pressure against arterial walls.
    • Persistent or intermittent elevated blood pressure.

    Types of Hypertension

    • Primary/Essential Hypertension: Unknown cause.
    • Secondary Hypertension: Caused by kidney or endocrine gland disorders.
    • Malignant Hypertension: Uncontrollable, severe, rapidly progressive.

    Risk Factors for Hypertension

    • Smoking
    • Obesity
    • High-fat/high-salt diet
    • Excessive alcohol consumption
    • Physical inactivity
    • Hypercholesterolemia
    • Heart/kidney disease
    • Stroke history
    • Family history (specifically African American descent)

    Hypertension Complications

    • Aneurysm formation
    • Cardiovascular disease
    • Cerebrovascular disease/stroke
    • Renal disease
    • Eye disease (impaired vision/blindness)

    Hypertension - Symptoms

    • Typically asymptomatic.
    • Potential symptoms include headache and extreme fatigue.

    Controlling Hypertension

    • No cure exists.
    • Lifestyle changes: adjust eating habits (less salt, lose weight), exercise, reduce alcohol, stop smoking, and manage stress.
    • Medical interventions.
    • Regular doctor visits for monitoring.

    Aneurysms

    • Abnormal dilation of a blood vessel wall.
    • Appear in many vessels.
    • Types include: Saccular aneurysm, Fusiform aneurysm, Dissecting aneurysm.

    Aneurysms-Etiology & Treatment

    • Etiology (cause) includes trauma, congenital defects, atherosclerosis and hypertension.
    • Treatment usually surgical repair.

    Summary of Ischemic Heart Disease

    • Atherosclerosis, Angina Pectoris, Coronary Artery Disease, Myocardial Infarction, Congestive Heart Failure, Rheumatic Heart Disease, Hypertension, and Aneurysm.

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    Cardiovascular Disease LO2 2020 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers various disorders related to the cardiovascular system, including ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Learn about the common pathologies, causes, and effects on heart health. It is essential for understanding the leading causes of mortality in the UAE.

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