Cardiovascular System Disorders Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a direct consequence of prolonged ischemia in myocardial infarction?

  • Enhanced blood flow
  • Increased cardiac output
  • Myocardial cell death (correct)
  • Improved heart function

Which condition is a potential result of coronary artery disease?

  • Coronary spasm
  • Heart attack (correct)
  • Heart murmur
  • Ischemic stroke

What characteristic change occurs in affected arteries due to the deposition of lipids?

  • Formation of plaques or atheromas (correct)
  • Thinning of the arterial wall
  • Reduction in blood volume
  • Increased elasticity

Which of the following symptoms would most likely indicate a patient is experiencing angina?

<p>Chest pain or discomfort (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the structure and function of arteries affected by atherosclerosis?

<p>They exhibit plaque buildup and hypertrophy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of ischemic heart disease?

<p>Inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a condition related to ischemic heart disease?

<p>Rheumatoid Heart Disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders is characterized by plaque buildup in arteries?

<p>Atherosclerosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cardiovascular deaths in the UAE is attributed to acute myocardial infarction?

<p>22% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to elevated blood pressure?

<p>Heart action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a type of infection associated with cardiovascular disorders?

<p>Bacterial Endocarditis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of heart disease involves inflammation linked to autoimmune responses?

<p>Vasculitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of atherosclerosis in the cardiovascular system?

<p>Reduced blood flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic that differentiates angina from myocardial infarction?

<p>Duration of ischemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with left-sided congestive heart failure?

<p>Orthopnea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of rheumatic heart disease?

<p>Haemolytic streptococcus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following complications is NOT a potential outcome of a myocardial infarction?

<p>Pulmonary edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from pulmonary edema due to left-sided heart failure?

<p>Dyspnea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which valvular structure is most often affected in rheumatic heart disease?

<p>Mitral valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected treatment to relieve angina symptoms?

<p>Rest or nitroglycerin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential symptom of right-sided heart failure?

<p>Jugular vein distention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the presence of excessive tension exerted by blood on arterial walls?

<p>Hypertension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common sign or symptom of congenital heart disease?

<p>Frequent headaches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypertension is most common and has an unknown etiology?

<p>Primary Hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic test will typically reveal cardiomegaly in congenital heart disease?

<p>CXR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of Tetralogy of Fallot?

<p>Aortic regurgitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Malignant hypertension can be described as:

<p>Uncontrollable and rapidly progressive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with congenital heart disease in infants?

<p>Clubbed fingernails (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is usually required for severe congenital heart defects?

<p>Surgical repair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for hypertension?

<p>Physical inactivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom commonly associated with hypertension?

<p>Headache (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can be a complication of hypertension?

<p>Cerebrovascular disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended lifestyle change to help control hypertension?

<p>Regular exercise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of controlling blood pressure before aneurysm surgery?

<p>It prevents sudden elevations in blood pressure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary change is advised to manage hypertension?

<p>Decrease fat and salt intake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a recognized risk factor for hypertension?

<p>Regular physical activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is hypertension considered a significant health risk?

<p>It leads to chronic conditions such as kidney failure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ischemic Heart Disease

Inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle, causing various heart conditions.

Atherosclerosis

A condition affecting large and small blood vessels where plaque builds up.

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

High incidence of diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels.

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

A significant cause of CVD deaths.

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Congestive Heart Failure

A condition where the heart can't pump blood effectively.

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Hypertension

High blood pressure, a significant cause of CVD deaths.

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Angina Pectoris

Chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

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Coronary Artery Disease

A disease of the arteries supplying blood to the heart.

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Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Heart attack; complete blockage of blood flow to part of the heart, causing cell death.

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Heart Attack Symptoms

Severe chest pain, shortness of breath, and possible discomfort in the arm or jaw.

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Endocarditis

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, usually caused by bacterial infection.

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Myocarditis

Inflammation of the heart muscle, often caused by viral infection.

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Pericarditis

Inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart, often caused by viral infection.

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Congenital Heart Disease

A heart defect present at birth, affecting the heart and/or large blood vessels.

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Tetralogy of Fallot

A complex congenital heart defect involving four specific abnormalities: pulmonary valve stenosis, ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy.

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What are the signs & symptoms of congenital heart disease?

Symptoms include dyspnea on exertion, tachycardia, diaphoresis, clubbed finger nails, and cyanosis.

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Primary (Essential) Hypertension

Most common type of hypertension where the underlying cause is unknown.

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Secondary Hypertension

Hypertension caused by an underlying condition, such as kidney or endocrine disorders.

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Angina vs. MI

Angina is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, but it is temporary and reversible. Myocardial Infarction (MI), or heart attack, is caused by complete blockage of a coronary artery, leading to heart muscle death.

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MI - What happens to the heart muscle?

When a coronary artery is completely blocked during MI, the affected heart muscle doesn't receive enough oxygen and dies (necrosis). This is called an infarction.

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How does Angina differ from MI?

Angina pain is relieved with rest or nitroglycerin, while MI pain is more severe and doesn't respond to these measures. Angina is caused by temporary blood flow restriction, while MI involves prolonged blockage.

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Complications of MI

Complications of MI include dysrhythmias (irregular heartbeat), congestive heart failure, and death.

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Dysrhythmias after MI

Damage to the heart's electrical conduction system during MI can cause dysrhythmias, meaning changes in the rhythm or rate of the heartbeat.

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Left-sided Heart Failure Symptoms

Left-sided heart failure causes fluid buildup in the lungs (pulmonary edema), leading to symptoms like shortness of breath (dyspnea), difficulty breathing when lying down (orthopnea), coughing up phlegm (productive cough), frothy spit, crackling sounds in the lungs (crackles), and pale skin (pallor).

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Right-sided Heart Failure Symptoms

Right-sided heart failure leads to fluid accumulation in the body, causing symptoms like swelling in the neck veins (JVD), edema in the feet and legs, fluid buildup in the abdomen (ascites), enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), and fatigue.

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Rheumatic Heart Disease: Cause

Rheumatic heart disease is caused by a bacterial infection known as Group A Streptococcus (strep throat). The immune response to the infection can damage the heart valves.

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Hypertension Risk Factors

Factors increasing the likelihood of developing high blood pressure. These include smoking, obesity, high-fat/high-salt diets, excessive alcohol, physical inactivity, high cholesterol, heart/kidney disease, stroke history, family history, and African American descent.

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Hypertension Complications

High blood pressure can lead to serious health problems like aneurysms (weakened arteries), cardiovascular disease (heart attacks, heart failure), cerebrovascular disease (strokes), renal disease (kidney failure), and eye disease (vision loss, blindness).

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Hypertension Diagnosis

High blood pressure is diagnosed when blood pressure readings are consistently elevated.

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Controlling Hypertension

Managing high blood pressure involves lifestyle changes like weight loss, reduced salt and fat intake, regular exercise, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol, stress management, and sometimes medication.

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Aneurysm Etiology

Causes of aneurysms include trauma, congenital defects, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. These factors damage the blood vessel walls, making them weak and prone to widening.

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Aneurysm Treatment

Aneurysms are often treated surgically. Prior to surgery, it's crucial to maintain normal blood pressure and prevent sudden increases, avoiding activities like exertion, stress, coughing, and constipation.

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What is an Aneurysm?

An aneurysm is an abnormal ballooning or widening of a blood vessel wall. It can occur in any blood vessel in the body.

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Hypertension Symptoms

Surprisingly, hypertension often has no symptoms. Some people may experience headaches or extreme fatigue. It's important to get regular blood pressure checks to detect it early.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System Disorders

  • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality in the UAE, with 22% of deaths attributed to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 16% to cerebrovascular disease, 6% to ischemic heart disease and 5% to hypertension.

Objectives

  • Common cardiovascular pathology
  • Ischemic Heart Disease
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Angina Pectoris
  • Coronary Artery Disease
  • Myocardial Infarction
  • Congestive Heart Failure
  • Rheumatic Heart Disease
  • Hypertension
  • Aneurysm

Ischemic Heart Disease

  • Occurs due to inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle.
  • A general term encompassing various conditions affecting the heart due to insufficient blood supply.
  • Potential causes include atherosclerosis and spasm.

Atherosclerosis

  • A generalized condition affecting large and small arteries and arterioles.
  • Characterized by lipid deposits within the arterial intima.
  • Leads to calcification, thrombosis, and fibrosis.
  • Forms plaques (atheromas) leading to vessel hypertrophy and loss of elasticity.
  • Can cause organ damage.

Angina Pectoris

  • A symptom of ischemic heart disease.

Myocardial Infarction (MI) - Heart Attack

  • Occurs when a coronary artery is completely blocked, causing prolonged ischemia (more than 20 minutes).
  • Resulting in cell death (necrosis) or infarction of the myocardium.

Angina vs. MI

  • Angina: decreased blood flow, ischemia for a short time, pain relieved by rest/nitroglycerin.
  • MI: absence of blood flow, prolonged ischemia, severe pain not relieved by rest/medicines, myocardial tissue death.

Diagnostic and Surgical Treatment

  • Coronary angiography
  • Echocardiogram
  • Other diagnostic and surgical procedures aid physicians.

Coronary Artery Stent Procedure

  • A treatment for coronary disease.

Complications of MI

  • Dysrhythmias (irregular heart rhythm) due to conduction system damage.
  • Congestive heart failure.
  • Death.

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

  • Left-sided failure: Results in pulmonary edema, characterized by:
    • Dyspnea (shortness of breath).
    • Orthopnea (difficulty breathing when lying down).
    • Productive cough (with mucus).
    • Frothy sputum.
    • Crackles (abnormal lung sounds).
    • Pallor (pale skin).
  • Right-sided failure: Results in:
    • JVD (Jugular vein distention).
    • Edema (swelling) in legs and feet.
    • Ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen).
    • Hepatomegaly (liver enlargement).
    • Fatigue.

Rheumatic Heart Disease

  • Caused by hemolytic strep, typically a throat infection.
  • Leads to carditis and valvulitis (inflammation of the heart valves).
  • Potentially causing heart valve deformities (stenosis and insufficiency).
  • The mitral valve is often affected.

Congenital Heart Disease

  • Any heart and/or major blood vessel defect present at birth.
  • Examples include: septal defects, valvular defects, tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary valve stenosis, ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy.

Tetralogy of Fallot

  • A specific type of congenital heart disease.
  • Involves four defects: overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, and right ventricular hypertrophy.

Congenital Heart Disease - Signs & Symptoms

  • Dyspnea on exertion
  • Tachycardia
  • Diaphoresis
  • Clubbed fingernails
  • Cyanosis (Blue Baby)

Congenital Heart Disease - Diagnosis

  • Severe congenital defects are diagnosed at birth.
  • Imaging techniques like CXR (Chest X-Ray) and echocardiogram identify defects.
  • ECG (Electrocardiogram) helps in evaluation.
  • Catheterization is also employed.

Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease

  • Typically involves surgical repair.

Hypertension

  • A condition characterized by excessive blood pressure against arterial walls.
  • Persistent or intermittent elevated blood pressure.

Types of Hypertension

  • Primary/Essential Hypertension: Unknown cause.
  • Secondary Hypertension: Caused by kidney or endocrine gland disorders.
  • Malignant Hypertension: Uncontrollable, severe, rapidly progressive.

Risk Factors for Hypertension

  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • High-fat/high-salt diet
  • Excessive alcohol consumption
  • Physical inactivity
  • Hypercholesterolemia
  • Heart/kidney disease
  • Stroke history
  • Family history (specifically African American descent)

Hypertension Complications

  • Aneurysm formation
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Cerebrovascular disease/stroke
  • Renal disease
  • Eye disease (impaired vision/blindness)

Hypertension - Symptoms

  • Typically asymptomatic.
  • Potential symptoms include headache and extreme fatigue.

Controlling Hypertension

  • No cure exists.
  • Lifestyle changes: adjust eating habits (less salt, lose weight), exercise, reduce alcohol, stop smoking, and manage stress.
  • Medical interventions.
  • Regular doctor visits for monitoring.

Aneurysms

  • Abnormal dilation of a blood vessel wall.
  • Appear in many vessels.
  • Types include: Saccular aneurysm, Fusiform aneurysm, Dissecting aneurysm.

Aneurysms-Etiology & Treatment

  • Etiology (cause) includes trauma, congenital defects, atherosclerosis and hypertension.
  • Treatment usually surgical repair.

Summary of Ischemic Heart Disease

  • Atherosclerosis, Angina Pectoris, Coronary Artery Disease, Myocardial Infarction, Congestive Heart Failure, Rheumatic Heart Disease, Hypertension, and Aneurysm.

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Description

This quiz covers various disorders related to the cardiovascular system, including ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Learn about the common pathologies, causes, and effects on heart health. It is essential for understanding the leading causes of mortality in the UAE.

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