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Questions and Answers
What is the primary consequence of untreated angina pectoris?
What is the primary consequence of untreated angina pectoris?
Which of the following is NOT a common risk factor for atherosclerosis?
Which of the following is NOT a common risk factor for atherosclerosis?
What is the treatment for a myocardial infarction that is recommended if the patient is hypoxemic?
What is the treatment for a myocardial infarction that is recommended if the patient is hypoxemic?
What defines secondary hypertension?
What defines secondary hypertension?
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Which cardiac device is primarily used to regulate heart rhythms?
Which cardiac device is primarily used to regulate heart rhythms?
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What type of condition is a Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)?
What type of condition is a Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)?
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Which of the following symptoms is associated with myocardial infarction in women?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with myocardial infarction in women?
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Which condition can lead to aortic aneurysms?
Which condition can lead to aortic aneurysms?
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Which factor is a common sign of cardiac arrest?
Which factor is a common sign of cardiac arrest?
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What does a pacemaker do?
What does a pacemaker do?
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Study Notes
Atherosclerosis
- A common underlying cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD)
- Characterized by plaque buildup in arteries, narrowing the vessel and limiting oxygen-rich blood flow to organs.
- Stages: endothelial injury/dysfunction, inflammatory response, plaque progression, plaque disruption.
- Risk factors: physical stress on arteries, turbulent blood flow, smoking/air pollution, dyslipidemia (high total cholesterol, high LDL, low HDL), chronically elevated glucose levels.
- Complications: thrombosis (complete artery blockage), infarction (tissue death due to impaired blood flow), embolus (plaque traveling to other areas).
Ischemic Heart Disease (Coronary Heart Disease)
- Ischemia: restriction of blood supply to tissues.
- Caused by atherosclerosis and hypertension.
- Leads to angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.
- Risk factors: smoking, age, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hypertension.
Angina Pectoris
- Severe chest pain due to narrowing of coronary arteries.
- Associated with myocardial ischemia and increased blood lactic acid.
- Treatment: GTN spray, anticoagulants, surgery.
- Untreated angina can lead to myocardial infarction.
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
- A sudden injury caused by a blocked coronary artery (coronary thrombosis).
- Often involves rupture of vulnerable atheromatous plaque.
- Ischemia leads to necrosis of the myocardium (heart muscle).
- Signs: severe crushing chest pain radiating to arm/jaw, may start at rest and persist, restlessness, pallor, sweating, nausea, vomiting, confusion, apprehension. Women may experience fatigue, breathlessness, back pain, sleep disturbances.
- Treatment: comfortable position, aspirin (300mg chewed), GTN spray, oxygen if hypoxemic, monitor closely, prepare for CPR.
- Complications: acute (cardiac dysrhythmias, heart failure, pericarditis), later (angina, thromboembolism, aneurysm, cardiac rupture), long-term (post-MI syndrome, shoulder-hand syndrome, depression).
Cardiac Arrest
- Abrupt loss of heart function characterized by cessation of heart beating, preventing oxygen-rich blood from reaching the brain, lungs, and other organs.
- Can occur after a myocardial infarction, but has other causes.
- Consequences: catastrophic event, cerebral hypoxia (lack of oxygen causing brain injury), respiratory arrest.
- Management: CPR, AED shockable rhythm.
- Survivors may experience personality changes, memory/speech impairment, involuntary movements, and incontinence.
Cardiac Devices
- Implantable cardiac loop recorders, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, pacemakers.
- Pacemakers generate electrical impulses to regulate heart contractions and blood pumping.
Cerebrovascular Disease
- Diseases affecting brain blood vessels and cerebral circulation.
- Causes: stenosis, thrombosis, embolism, hemorrhage.
- Includes transient ischemic attack (TIA, mini-stroke) and cerebrovascular accident (stroke).
Peripheral Vascular Disease
- Blood circulation disorder affecting arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels (excluding brain and heart).
- Causes: atherosclerosis, deep vein thrombosis, varicose veins.
- Affects legs and feet.
Hypertension
- Persistently raised blood pressure (>140/90 mmHg).
- Two types:
- Primary: no known cause
- Secondary: results from another disease (renal disease, congenital heart defect, endocrine disease, pregnancy, cerebral disease, medications, drug use).
- Complications: arrhythmias, heart failure, angina, stroke, myocardial infarction, aneurysm, peripheral vascular disease, vision loss, kidney disease, vascular dementia, aortic aneurysm.
Medication Management
- Diuretics (furosemide, bendroflumethiazide), beta-blockers (atenolol, propanolol), calcium channel blockers (nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem), ACE inhibitors (lisinopril, enalapril).
Aortic Aneurysm
- Localized balloon-like bulge in arterial wall, usually abdominal, due to weakness.
- A consequence of atherosclerosis and hypertension.
- Can lead to hemorrhage.
Orthostatic Hypotension
- Sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up from a supine (lying) position.
- Common in pregnancy, elderly, heart valve disorders, dehydration
- Symptoms: dizziness, fainting, nausea, blurred vision.
Congenital Heart Disease
- Involves the heart or adjacent great vessels.
- May be associated with other body anomalies (e.g., cleft palate)
- Two types:
- Cyanotic (structural defects with right-to-left shunting, cyanosis; examples: tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels).
- Acyanotic (left-to-right shunting; examples: pulmonary stenosis, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, aortic stenosis).
Valvular Heart Disease
- Damage or disease of heart valves (congenital or acquired).
- Types:
- Stenosis (valve fails to fully open, restricting blood flow).
- Regurgitation (valve fails to fully close, causing backflow).
- Prolapse (valve slips out of place or flaps don't close properly).
- Causes: rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis.
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Description
Explore the interconnected topics of atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, and angina pectoris. This quiz delves into the causes, risk factors, and stages of these cardiovascular conditions. Test your knowledge on complications related to blood supply and heart health.
