Cardiovascular System Disorders and Anatomy

<p>T wave (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac control center in medulla oblongata (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sedentary lifestyle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coronary arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyspnea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventricular septal defect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jugular vein distention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyanosis due to R to L shunt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radiography (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary edema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combination of surgical and medical approaches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dependent edema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential progression to cyanosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased cardiac output and tissue hypoxia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Association with atherosclerosis and destruction of cardiac muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feeling of pressure, heaviness, or burning in the chest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of a myocardial infarction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sudden death (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To dissolve existing clots (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First-degree block (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mismatch in myocardial oxygen supply (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medications to dissolve blood clots (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart unable to meet metabolic demands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atrial fibrillation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Third-degree block (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pacemaker implantation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatigue and lethargy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cessation of all heart activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stroke volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dub (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Force required to eject blood from the ventricles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incompetent valves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasoconstriction occurs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the amount of blood delivered to the heart by venous return (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atherosclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduce workload and oxygen demand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pressure when blood is ejected from the ventricles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Remove excess water and sodium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased physical activity during attacks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CO / HR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difference in rate between apical and radial pulses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To record heart valve movements and blood flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical or emotional stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infective endocarditis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low-grade fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children aged 5 to 15 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal or endocrine disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoglycemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sudden marked onset and spiking fever (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ASO titer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulsus paradoxus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocarditis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prophylactic antibacterial agents and anti-inflammatory agents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damage to arterial walls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anxiety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiogenic shock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subacute endocarditis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heart is located in the chest cavity within the mediastinum, nestled in a protective sac called the pericardium.

The heart is enclosed in a double-layered sac called the pericardium. The outer layer is called the parietal pericardium, while the inner layer, directly attached to the heart, is called the epicardium (also known as the visceral pericardium). Between these layers is a fluid-filled space called the pericardial cavity.

The myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart, responsible for its pumping action. It's composed of specialized muscle tissue called cardiac muscle.

The endocardium is the smooth, inner lining of the heart chambers and heart valves. It's made of epithelial tissue.

The heart valves are flaps of tissue that control the flow of blood through the heart, preventing backflow. There are two main types: atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral) and semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic).

The septum is a wall that divides the heart into two distinct halves: the right and left sides. This separation ensures oxygenated and deoxygenated blood don't mix.

The sinoatrial (SA) node is the natural pacemaker of the heart, initiating the electrical impulse that triggers each heartbeat. It's located in the right atrium.

The AV node delays the electrical signal slightly, allowing the atria to fully contract before the ventricles are stimulated. It's located in the floor of the right atrium.

The period of relaxation in the heart cycle where the chambers fill with blood.

The period of contraction in the heart cycle where the chambers pump out blood.

The volume of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each heartbeat.

The amount of blood returning to the heart from the veins.

The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood into the arteries.

Blood pressure measured during ventricular contraction.

Blood pressure measured during ventricular relaxation.

The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute.

A condition caused by a narrowed coronary artery, reducing oxygen supply to the heart.

Chest pain caused by insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle.

A potentially life-threatening condition where a coronary artery is completely blocked, causing heart muscle damage.

The difference between the apical pulse (heart rate) and the radial pulse (felt at the wrist).

The use of a stethoscope to listen to heart sounds and identify abnormalities.

A non-invasive imaging technique using sound waves to visualize the heart's structures and function.

A specialized x-ray imaging technique to visualize blood flow in the coronary arteries.

A condition where the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, often a complication of other heart conditions. It involves various factors and compensation mechanisms that may worsen the condition.

A condition where the heart's electrical activity is abnormal, leading to deviations from the normal heart rate or rhythm.

A type of cardiac dysrhythmia where the SA node, the heart's natural pacemaker, has problems, resulting in a slowed or irregular heart rate.

A type of cardiac dysrhythmia where the heart's electrical signal is blocked or delayed at the AV node or bundle of His, interrupting the normal flow of impulses.

A type of cardiac dysrhythmia where the heart's electrical signal is blocked or delayed within the bundle branches, impacting the ventricles' ability to contract efficiently.

A life-threatening condition where the heart suddenly stops beating, resulting in the cessation of all heart activity.

A type of MI characterized by a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, leading to insufficient oxygen delivery to the heart muscle.

A type of MI primarily associated with atherosclerosis, where plaque rupture leads to blood clots and blockage of coronary arteries.

A type of MI that occurs during or immediately after medical procedures like angioplasty or surgery.

A type of MI that solely involves fatal cases, indicating a sudden and severe cardiac event.

A specific type of cardiac dysrhythmia where the heart's electrical signal is blocked or delayed within the bundle branches, impacting the ventricles' ability to contract efficiently.

A type of cardiac dysrhythmia where the heart's electrical signal is blocked or delayed at the AV node or bundle of His, interrupting the normal flow of impulses.

A type of cardiac dysrhythmia where the heart's electrical signal is blocked or delayed at the AV node or bundle of His, interrupting the normal flow of impulses.

A type of cardiac dysrhythmia where the heart's electrical signal is blocked or delayed at the AV node or bundle of His, interrupting the normal flow of impulses.

A type of cardiac dysrhythmia where the heart's electrical signal is blocked or delayed at the AV node or bundle of His, interrupting the normal flow of impulses.

A condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively throughout the body, leading to a buildup of fluid in various parts of the body. This often results in shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and ankles.

A type of heart failure where the left ventricle is weakened, leading to a buildup of pressure in the lungs and causing difficulty breathing.

A type of heart failure where the right ventricle is weakened, leading to a buildup of pressure in the body's veins and causing swelling in the legs, ankles, and abdomen.

Opening in the wall separating the two ventricles of the heart. May cause a shunt of blood from the left to the right ventricle.

An abnormally enlarged and floppy mitral valve, causing blood to leak back into the left atrium.

A condition affecting the aortic and pulmonary valves, causing either narrowing (stenosis) or an inability to close completely (incompetence), leading to blood flow disruptions.

The most common cyanotic congenital heart condition, characterized by four defects: a ventricular septal defect, a narrowing of the pulmonary valve, a misplaced aorta, and an enlarged right ventricle.

The use of medications and surgical procedures to treat congestive heart failure. Medications aim to increase heart contractions, reduce fluid buildup, and maintain a regular heartbeat. Surgery involves open heart surgery, catheter procedures, or hybrid procedures to repair damaged valves or correct structural defects.

Structural defects in the heart that develop during the first eight weeks of embryonic life.

A group of symptoms associated with congestive heart failure, including shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and ankles, due to the buildup of fluid in the body.

An abnormal immune response occurring after a group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus infection, usually within a few weeks, leading to inflammation in the heart, joints, and other tissues.

The long-term consequence of Rheumatic Fever, involving damage to the heart valves, potentially leading to heart failure and infective endocarditis.

Inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart. It can occur due to various reasons like infection, injury, or autoimmune disorders.

A build-up of fluid in the pericardial sac, putting pressure on the heart and potentially affecting its function.

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves. It can be caused by bacteria like Streptococcus viridans or Staphylococcus aureus.

A type of Endocarditis that develops gradually with less severe symptoms, often caused by Streptococcus viridans.

A type of Endocarditis that starts suddenly with severe symptoms, often caused by Staphylococcus aureus

A condition characterized by consistently high blood pressure, typically above 140/90 mmHg.

Hypertension that has no known underlying cause, also known as essential hypertension.

Hypertension that is caused by another medical condition, such as kidney disease or hormonal imbalances.

A severe, rapidly progressing form of hypertension that is difficult to control. It can lead to many complications.

A general term for a condition where the body's circulatory system is unable to deliver enough oxygenated blood to the tissues, leading to a drop in blood pressure.

Shock caused by a significant loss of blood volume, which can be due to severe bleeding or dehydration.

Shock caused by the heart's inability to pump enough blood to the body, leading to a drop in blood pressure.

A group of shock conditions caused by changes in blood vessel resistance, leading to pooling of blood in the extremities and reduced blood flow to the vital organs.