Cardiovascular System Disorders and Anatomy
61 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary pump of the circulatory system?

  • Veins
  • Arteries
  • Heart (correct)
  • Lungs

    • Which part of the heart's anatomy helps prevent backflow of blood?

  • Atrioventricular valves (correct)
  • Myocardium
  • Septum
  • Pericardial cavity

    • Where is the sinoatrial (SA) node located?

  • In the pericardial cavity
  • In the right ventricle
  • In the floor of the right atrium (correct)
  • In the left atrium

    • Which wave in the electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the repolarization of the ventricles?

    <p>T wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily controls the rate and force of heart contractions?

    <p>Cardiac control center in medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least likely to increase heart rate?

    <p>Sedentary lifestyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries supply blood to the heart muscle itself?

    <p>Coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What response occurs when baroreceptors detect an increase in blood pressure?

    <p>Decrease heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of left-sided congestive heart failure?

    <p>Dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most commonly diagnosed at birth in congenital heart defects?

    <p>Ventricular septal defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Jugular vein distention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical feature of Tetralogy of Fallot?

    <p>Cyanosis due to R to L shunt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is often used to assess heart function through imaging?

    <p>Radiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication resulting from left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the treatment for heart valve defects often involve?

    <p>Combination of surgical and medical approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may indicate right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Dependent edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of untreated ventricular septal defect (VSD)?

    <p>Potential progression to cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the fatigue experienced in heart failure?

    <p>Decreased cardiac output and tissue hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily characterizes Type 1 myocardial infarction?

    <p>Association with atherosclerosis and destruction of cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common warning sign of a heart attack?

    <p>Feeling of pressure, heaviness, or burning in the chest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does elevated serum levels of myosin and cardiac troponin indicate?

    <p>Presence of a myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication can result from a myocardial infarction?

    <p>Sudden death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of anticoagulants in treating myocardial infarction?

    <p>To dissolve existing clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is categorized under atrioventricular node abnormalities?

    <p>First-degree block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Type 2 myocardial infarction?

    <p>Mismatch in myocardial oxygen supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the term 'thrombolytic agents' in MI treatment?

    <p>Medications to dissolve blood clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines congestive heart failure?

    <p>Heart unable to meet metabolic demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cardiac dysrhythmia is characterized by irregular and rapid heart rates over 350 beats/min?

    <p>Atrial fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heart block does not allow any transmission from the atria to the ventricles?

    <p>Third-degree block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key treatment for severe ventricular dysrhythmias?

    <p>Pacemaker implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of congestive heart failure?

    <p>Fatigue and lethargy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of a cardiac arrest?

    <p>Cessation of all heart activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the volume of blood pumped out of the ventricle during contraction?

    <p>Stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart sound is associated with the closure of the semilunar valves?

    <p>Dub</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'afterload' refer to?

    <p>Force required to eject blood from the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may cause a heart murmur?

    <p>Incompetent valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does blood pressure change when the sympathetic branch of the ANS increases output?

    <p>Vasoconstriction occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the preload?

    <p>It is the amount of blood delivered to the heart by venous return</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major cause of a myocardial infarction?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nitrates like nitroglycerin in treating angina?

    <p>Reduce workload and oxygen demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the systolic blood pressure?

    <p>Pressure when blood is ejected from the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do diuretics serve in cardiovascular treatment?

    <p>Remove excess water and sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is not typically associated with angina management?

    <p>Increased physical activity during attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is stroke volume calculated?

    <p>CO / HR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a pulse deficit indicate?

    <p>Difference in rate between apical and radial pulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of echocardiography?

    <p>To record heart valve movements and blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically triggers classic angina attacks?

    <p>Physical or emotional stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential long-term consequence of rheumatic fever?

    <p>Infective endocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common sign of rheumatic fever?

    <p>Low-grade fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is most commonly affected by rheumatic fever?

    <p>Children aged 5 to 15 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically the underlying cause of secondary hypertension?

    <p>Renal or endocrine disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT commonly predispose individuals to hypertension?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these symptoms is associated with acute endocarditis?

    <p>Sudden marked onset and spiking fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is used to confirm rheumatic fever?

    <p>ASO titer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of pericardial effusion?

    <p>Pulsus paradoxus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the myocardium?

    <p>Myocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common treatment options for rheumatic fever?

    <p>Prophylactic antibacterial agents and anti-inflammatory agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects is caused by uncontrolled hypertension?

    <p>Damage to arterial walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant early manifestation of shock?

    <p>Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of shock is caused by heart failure?

    <p>Cardiogenic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cough and dyspnea are symptoms of which type of endocarditis?

    <p>Subacute endocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular System Disorders

    • The circulatory system comprises vessels, fluid, and a pump. Blood flows from systemic to pulmonary to systemic circulation.

    Heart Anatomy

    • Located in the mediastinum within the pericardial sac.
    • Layers of the heart include parietal pericardium, epicardium (visceral pericardium), pericardial cavity, myocardium, and endocardium.
    • Includes atrioventricular and semilunar valves, and a septum.

    Heart Conduction System

    • The conduction pathway initiates and regulates heartbeat.
    • The SA (sinoatrial) node is the pacemaker, initiating sinus rhythm.
    • The AV (atrioventricular) node is located in the right atrium.
    • The AV bundle (bundle of His) branches into right and left branches, and then Purkinje fibers transmit impulses to ventricular muscle fibers.

    Heart Conduction System: Electrocardiogram (ECG)

    • An ECG measures electrical activity during cardiac cycle.
    • P wave indicates atrial depolarization.
    • QRS wave represents ventricular depolarization.
    • T wave corresponds to ventricular repolarization.

    Control of the Heart

    • The cardiac control center in the medulla oblongata regulates heart rate and contractility.
    • Baroreceptors in the aorta and internal carotid arteries detect blood pressure changes.
    • Sympathetic stimulation (cardiac accelerator nerve) increases heart rate, while parasympathetic stimulation (vagus nerve) decreases it.

    Factors Increasing Heart Rate

    • Increased thyroid hormones or epinephrine.
    • Elevated body temperature and infection (e.g., fever).
    • High environmental temperature (especially humidity).
    • Exercise and exertion.
    • Smoking, stress, pregnancy, and pain.

    Coronary Circulation

    • The right and left coronary arteries originate from the aorta, supplying blood to heart muscle tissues.
    • The left coronary artery branches into the anterior descending and circumflex arteries.
    • The right coronary artery branches into the marginal and posterior interventricular arteries.
    • Collateral circulation is minimal in the coronary arteries.

    Cardiac Cycle

    • Diastole involves myocardial relaxation, allowing chambers to fill.
    • Systole is myocardial contraction, increasing pressure to eject blood.
    • The cycle begins with atrial relaxation and filling, followed by atrial contraction, ventricular contraction, and relaxation.

    Heart Sounds

    • "Lubb-dub" sound represents valve closures. "Lubb" is AV valve closure, and "dub" is semilunar valve closure.
    • Murmurs indicate incompetent valves.
    • Pulse reflects heart rate. Pulse deficit is the difference between apical and radial pulse rates.

    Cardiac Function

    • Cardiac output (CO) is the blood ejected by a ventricle per minute. CO = SV × HR (heart rate)
    • Stroke volume (SV) is the blood volume pumped out per ventricular contraction.
    • Preload is the blood volume delivered to the heart.
    • Afterload is the force to eject blood from ventricles, determined by peripheral resistance.

    Blood Pressure

    • Systolic pressure reflects ventricular ejection, while diastolic pressure reflects ventricular relaxation.
    • Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance.
    • Factors that alter blood pressure include components of the autonomic nervous system (increased sympathetic outflow leading to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure), hormones (ADH increases blood pressure, aldosterone increases blood volume and BP, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system).

    Diagnostic Tests for Cardiovascular Function

    • Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) aids in diagnosing dysrhythmias and myocardial infarctions.
    • Auscultation detects valvular and blood shunt abnormalities through stethoscope listening.
    • Echocardiography records heart valve movements, blood flow, and cardiac output.
    • Exercise stress tests assess cardiovascular function.
    • Chest x-rays depict heart size and shape. Nuclear imaging and tomographic studies provide detailed images.
    • Cardiac catheterization measures pressure, assesses valvular and heart function, and evaluates central venous pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.
    • Angiography visualizes coronary artery blood flow pathways.
    • Doppler studies assess peripheral blood flow, including sounds of flow or obstructions.
    • Blood tests analyze lipid levels, sodium, potassium, calcium, other electrolytes.
    • Arterial blood gas measurements check oxygen and acid-base balance.

    General Treatment Measures for Cardiac Disorders

    • Diet modifications (reducing fat, sodium), weight reduction, regular exercise, smoking cessation decrease coronary disease risk.

    General Treatment Measures for Cardiac Disorders: Drug Therapy

    • Vasodilators decrease peripheral resistance.
    • Beta blockers treat hypertension, dysrhythmias, and angina attacks.
    • Calcium channel blockers decrease cardiac contractility, and act prophylactically against angina.
    • Digoxin treats heart failure and atrial dysrhythmias.
    • Antihypertensives lower blood pressure. Adrenergic blocking drugs affect the sympathetic nervous system.
    • ACE inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzyme) block angiotensin I to angiotensin II conversion.
    • Diuretics remove excess sodium and/or water to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.
    • Anticoagulants reduce blood clot formation.
    • Cholesterol-lowering drugs reduce LDL cholesterol.

    Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) or Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)

    • CAD, or IHD, is a deficit of oxygen supply in the heart muscle.
    • Forms of chest pain include classic, exertional, variant, and unstable angina.
    • Signs & symptoms of angina include pallor and diaphoresis (sweating), and nausea.

    Myocardial Infarction (MI)

    • A MI (heart attack) occurs when a blood vessel completely blocks blood supply to part of the heart muscle.
    • Common causes are atherosclerosis, thrombus formation, and vasospasm.
    • MI severity varies depending on infarct size & location, and is classified as STEMI or non-STEMI.

    Warning Signs of a Heart Attack

    • Chest pain (pressure, heaviness, or burning, especially with exertion).
    • Shortness of breath, weakness, fatigue, nausea, indigestion, anxiety, fear.

    Diagnostic Tests for MI

    • ECG changes indicate possible MI.
    • Serum enzyme and isoenzyme levels (myosin and cardiac troponin) elevated.
    • Leukocytosis, elevated CRP and ESR common, arterial blood gas, pulmonary artery pressure measurements.

    Complications of MI

    • Sudden death, cardiogenic shock, congestive heart failure, rupture of heart tissue or cardiac tamponade, and thromboembolism.

    Treatment of MI

    • Reduce cardiac demand. Oxygen therapy, analgesics, and anticoagulants. Thrombolytic agents (e.g., tissue plasminogen activator) might be used.
    • Conditions like dysrhythmias, hypertension, and congestive heart failure should be addressed. Cardiac rehabilitation begins immediately.

    Cardiac Dysrhythmias (Arrhythmias)

    • These are deviations from normal heart rate or rhythm (e.g., due to electrolytes, fever, hypoxia).
    • ECG monitoring helps identify abnormalities.
    • Treatment includes determining and addressing the cause.

    Sinus Node Abnormalities

    • The SA node (pacemaker) has rates that can change.
    • Bradycardia is a slow, regular heartbeat.
    • Tachycardia is a fast, regular heartbeat.
    • Sick sinus syndrome includes alternating bradycardia and tachycardia, requiring a mechanical pacemaker.

    Atrial Conduction Abnormalities

    • Premature atrial contractions (PACs) are extra beats.
    • Atrial flutter has a rate of 160-350 beats/minute.
    • Atrial fibrillation occurs at over 350 beats per minute and causes blood pooling, increasing thrombus risk.

    Atrioventricular Node Abnormalities

    • Heart blocks involve conduction delays or stops at the AV node or bundle of His.
    • First-degree block has a conduction delay.
    • Second-degree block drops every second to third beat.
    • Third-degree block involves no transmission between atria and ventricles.

    Ventricular Conduction Abnormalities

    • Bundle branch block disrupts conduction in a bundle branch.
    • Ventricular tachycardia reduces cardiac output as diastole is shortened.
    • Ventricular fibrillation has uncoordinated muscle contractions, potentially leading to cardiac standstill.
    • Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are extra beats from a ventricular muscle cell.

    Treatment of Cardiac Dysrhythmias

    • Address underlying causes.
    • Antiarrhythmic drugs (e.g., beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, digoxin) are often effective.
    • Pacemakers are used for SA nodal or total heart block problems.
    • Defibrillators convert ventricular fibrillation.

    Cardiac Arrest

    • Cardiac arrest is the cessation of all heart activity.
    • Causes include excessive vagal nerve stimulation, potassium imbalance, cardiogenic shock, drug toxicity, insufficient oxygen, and respiratory arrest.

    Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

    • CHF is the heart's inability to pump adequately, frequently a complication of other conditions.
    • It involves various factors impacting cardiac output and stroke volume.
    • Fluid backs up in circulation, potentially causing organ damage.

    Effects of Congestive Heart Failure

    • Left-sided CHF affects pulmonary circulation (pulmonary congestion).
    • Right-sided CHF affects systemic circulation.

    Signs and Symptoms of CHF

    • Forward effects affect all systems (e.g., low blood flow, weakness, dyspnea).
    • Backup effects (left-side) include dyspnea, orthopnea, cough, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND).
    • Backup effects (right-side) manifest as edema (feet/legs/buttocks, neck vein distension), hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, digestive disturbances, ascites (abdominal fluid).

    Congenital Heart Defects

    • Structural heart abnormalities developing during embryonic development.
    • Valvular defects, septal defects are common.
    • Defects cause heart murmurs and untreated may lead to heart failure.

    Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

    • The most common congenital heart defect is a hole in the ventricular septum.
    • Characterized by a left-to-right shunt, unless respiratory condition changes pressure, causing cyanosis and shunting right-to-left.

    Treatment of VSD

    • Treatment often involves surgical, catheter, or hybrid procedures. Goal is to increase contractility and decrease fluid, maintaining a regular heartbeat.

    Valvular Defects

    • Aortic and pulmonary valves are commonly affected.
    • Defects can be stenosis (narrowing) or incompetence (leaky valves).
    • Mitral valve prolapse involves enlarged and floppy valve leaflets.
    • Surgical valve replacement (mechanical or animal tissue) is a potential treatment.

    Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease

    • Rheumatic fever is an acute inflammatory condition, potentially following untreated streptococcal infection.
    • Rheumatic heart disease results from long-term rheumatic fever effects (pericarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis, and incompetent valves), inflammation at joints showing erythema marginatum and nodules.

    Infective Endocarditis

    • Infections can lead to inflammation of the heart's inner lining (endocarditis).
    • Often from bacteria (Streptococcus viridans or Staphylococcus aureus).
    • Symptoms may include fever and fatigue; acute forms are marked by severe onset, while subacute infections are insidious.
    • Treatment involves antimicrobial therapies for several weeks or longer.

    Pericarditis

    • Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, often secondary to other issues (e.g., open-heart surgery, MI, rheumatic fever, viral infections, trauma) with possible effusion (excessive fluid buildup) in the pericardial sac.
    • Chronic pericarditis causes adhesions and reduced cardiac output.

    Arterial Diseases, Hypertension

    • Hypertension is high blood pressure (consistently above 140/90 mm Hg).
    • Primary (essential) hypertension is not caused by other conditions. Secondary hypertension arises from other underlying conditions. Malignant or resistant forms are severe and uncontrolled.
    • Hypertension damages tissues and reduces blood supply, with impact on kidneys, heart, brain, and retina commonly seen.
    • Predisposing factors involve age, gender (increase in women after middle age), genetics, sodium intake, alcohol use, obesity, smoking and stress.

    Shock

    • Shock is a life-threatening condition where circulating blood volume is insufficient to meet cellular needs.
    • Types include hypovolemic (low volume), cardiogenic (pump problem), and distributive (vasoconstriction issue) shock.
    • Early signs of shock include anxiety, tachycardia, pallor, lightheadedness, syncope, sweating, and oliguria.

    Shock: Later Manifestations

    • Compensatory mechanisms from the SNS and adrenal medulla act to increase heart rate, contraction strength, and vasoconstriction. Renin, ADH and glucocorticoids levels adjust as well.
    • Prolonged shock reduces cell metabolism and leads to waste buildup that results in acid build-up.
    • Various complications of prolonged shock include potential acute kidney failure, respiratory distress syndrome (lungs), and liver complications.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore the complexities of the cardiovascular system, including heart anatomy, conduction pathways, and disorders. Understand the vital components such as the heart's structure, function, and how it regulates blood circulation through the body. This quiz will assess your knowledge of these fundamental aspects of human physiology.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser