Cardiovascular System Anatomy and Physiology

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During which phase are the atrioventricular valves open?

Ventricular ejection
Isovolumetric relaxation
Isovolumetric contraction
Late diastole, ventricular filling (correct)

What event is associated with the 'lub' sound?

Rapid ventricular filling
Closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves
Closure of the atrioventricular valves (correct)
Opening of the mitral valve

Which wave on an ECG represents ventricular repolarization?

P wave
T wave (correct)
QRS complex
S wave

What does EDV stand for?

End Diastolic Volume (C) Signup and view all the answers

In pacemaker cells, what causes the falling phase (repolarization) of the action potential?

Opening of potassium channels (B) Signup and view all the answers

What strengthens and anchors the heart wall?

Cardiac skeleton (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the innermost layer of the heart?

Endothelial endocardium (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the auricles of the atria?

To allow for additional filling (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the muscular ridges of the ventricles called?

Trabeculae carneae (D) Signup and view all the answers

What allows fetal blood to bypass the pulmonary circuit?

Foramen ovale (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where is the negative electrode placed when connecting electrodes to a volunteer?

Right wrist (A) Signup and view all the answers

What part of a cardiac cycle is the QRS complex associated with?

Ventricles activation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the T wave represent in a cardiac cycle?

Ventricular recovery (D) Signup and view all the answers

From which vessels does the right atrium receive blood?

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the chordae tendineae?

To keep the valves from everting into the atria (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why is the left ventricle wall more massive than the right ventricle wall?

The left ventricle pumps against higher resistance. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the heart primarily receive its nourishment?

Coronary circulation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is angina pectoralis?

Fleeting insufficiency of blood supply to the myocardium (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a prolonged coronary arterial blockage?

Myocardial infarction (C) Signup and view all the answers

What anchors cardiac muscle cells together during contractions?

Intercalated discs (B) Signup and view all the answers

What structures allow ions to pass rapidly between cardiac cells?

Gap junctions (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does cardiac muscle rely on almost exclusively for energy?

Aerobic respiration (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where does the intrinsic conduction system start the contraction in The Heart?

Cranial portion of the atria (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the pattern of electrical activity recorded at the body surface?

Electrocardiogram (B) Signup and view all the answers

The heart functions primarily as what?

A pump (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which circuit carries blood to and from the lungs?

Pulmonary circuit (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of vessel carries blood away from the heart?

Artery (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the location of the heart's apex?

Near the fifth intercostal space and just below the left nipple (D) Signup and view all the answers

What sac encloses the heart?

Pericardium (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the outer layer of the serous pericardium that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium?

Parietal layer (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the serous fluid within the pericardial cavity?

To lubricate and reduce friction during heartbeats (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the thick cardiac muscle layer of the heart called?

Myocardium (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves inflammation of the pericardium?

Pericarditis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the heart?

To pump blood throughout the body (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

Left atrium (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Mitral valve (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest artery in the human body?

Aorta (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood do veins typically carry?

Deoxygenated blood (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve, when stimulated, slows the heart rate?

Vagus (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where are the cardiac centers that regulate the nerves affecting heart rate located?

Medulla oblongata (A) Signup and view all the answers

What node typically acts as the primary pacemaker for the heart?

SA node (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a heart rhythm generated by the SA node?

Sinus rhythm (B) Signup and view all the answers

Through what structure does the action potential spread slowly, allowing atrial contraction to contribute to ventricular filling?

AV node (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of fibrillating ventricles?

Reduced pumping ability (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of defibrillation?

To stop chaotic electrical activity (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the heart rate if the AV node takes over as pacemaker?

It becomes slower (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible cause of premature contractions?

Excessive caffeine (B) Signup and view all the answers

In second-degree heart block, what is the relationship between P waves and QRS complexes on an ECG?

More P waves than QRS complexes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What event produces the P wave on an ECG?

Atrial depolarization (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the cardiac action potential creates a long subsequent contraction to squeeze the blood out efficiently?

Plateau depolarization (C) Signup and view all the answers

What event does the QRS complex represent?

Ventricular depolarization (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the atrial state during the QRS complex?

Atrial diastole (B) Signup and view all the answers

What causes the plateau phase in ventricular action potentials?

Calcium channels opening (D) Signup and view all the answers

What heart-related event occurs shortly after the T wave?

Ventricular diastole (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can an enlarged R wave on an ECG indicate?

Ventricular enlargement (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is responsible for the rapid depolarization phase of a cardiac action potential?

Sodium (B) Signup and view all the answers

The long refractory period created by the plateau phase prevents what condition in the heart?

Tetanus (D) Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do the semilunar valves close?

Ventricular repolarization (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of stroke volume (SV)?

The volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mathematical relationship between the end-diastolic volume (EDV), the end-systolic volume (ESV), and stroke volume (SV)?

$SV = EDV - ESV$ (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is cardiac output?

The volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle in one minute. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What primarily increases contractility?

Increased calcium. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is afterload?

The pressure that must be exceeded before ventricles can eject blood. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What prevents blood from flowing back into the atria?

Atrioventricular valves (A) Signup and view all the answers

What causes the 'dup' sound?

Closing of the semilunar valves (B) Signup and view all the answers

What can be detected with a stethoscope when valves malfunction?

An audible murmur (B) Signup and view all the answers

In a patient with situs inversus, where would heart sounds be heard best?

On the right side (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a valve is incompetent?

Blood flows backwards through the valve (C) Signup and view all the answers

What causes valvular stenosis?

Calcification of the valve or scarring (A) Signup and view all the answers

During ventricular diastole, is the pressure in the heart high or low?

Low (B) Signup and view all the answers

How much does atrial systole contributes to ventricular filling?

About 20% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term given to describe the point when the ventricle is at maximum fill?

End diastolic volume (D) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the isovolumetric phase of ventricular contraction?

The volume of the ventricles cannot change (A) Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is released by the parasympathetic vagus nerve to decrease heart rate?

Acetylcholine (D) Signup and view all the answers

About how fast would the SA node fire without any parasympathetic or sympathetic innervation?

100 beats/min (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of channels are affected by acetylcholine?

Potassium (A) Signup and view all the answers

What reflex is activated by increased atrial filling due to increased venous return?

Atrial reflex (Bainbridge reflex) (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone increases heart rate?

Thyroxine (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hypercalcemia on the heart?

Arrhythmias (A) Signup and view all the answers

What heart condition is defined as a heart rate greater than 100 beats/min?

Tachycardia (D) Signup and view all the answers

What heart condition is sometimes caused by thyroid disorders?

Tachycardia (B) Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a heart rate less than 60 beats/min?

Bradycardia (B) Signup and view all the answers

What might pathological bradycardia indicate?

Thyroid disorders (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of congestive heart failure (CHF)?

Coronary atherosclerosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can result in increased afterload for the heart?

Persistent hypertension (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is peripheral congestion?

Fluid buildup in the extremities due to heart failure (A) Signup and view all the answers

A patient with right-side congestive heart failure is LEAST likely to have what symptom?

Pulmonary Edema (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which medications are often used to treat CHF?

Diuretics (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the heart?

A dual pump that circulates blood around the body and through the lungs.

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

The pattern of electrical activity recorded at the body surface.

Pulmonary Circuit

Includes blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is released.