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Questions and Answers
What percentage of deaths worldwide are accounted for by complications of hypertension annually?
What percentage of deaths worldwide are accounted for by complications of hypertension annually?
Which blood pressure measurement is indicative of clinically significant hypertension according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute?
Which blood pressure measurement is indicative of clinically significant hypertension according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute?
What percentage of deaths due to heart disease is attributed to hypertension?
What percentage of deaths due to heart disease is attributed to hypertension?
Which of the following is a major factor that determines blood pressure variation within and between populations?
Which of the following is a major factor that determines blood pressure variation within and between populations?
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What is the most common form of hypertension accounting for about 90-95% of cases?
What is the most common form of hypertension accounting for about 90-95% of cases?
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Which hypertensive heart disease leads to right heart hypertrophy?
Which hypertensive heart disease leads to right heart hypertrophy?
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Which component of the heart regulates the heart rate and rhythm?
Which component of the heart regulates the heart rate and rhythm?
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What is the primary function of myocardial adaptations in response to increased filling volumes?
What is the primary function of myocardial adaptations in response to increased filling volumes?
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Which artery provides blood flow to most of the myocardium during ventricular diastole?
Which artery provides blood flow to most of the myocardium during ventricular diastole?
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What is the purpose of the Frank-Starling mechanism in the heart?
What is the purpose of the Frank-Starling mechanism in the heart?
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What is the primary source of release of noradrenaline in the heart?
What is the primary source of release of noradrenaline in the heart?
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Which factor acts to adjust filling volumes and pressures in response to cardiovascular stress?
Which factor acts to adjust filling volumes and pressures in response to cardiovascular stress?
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In what phase of the cardiac cycle do ventricular myocytes contract?
In what phase of the cardiac cycle do ventricular myocytes contract?
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Atherosclerosis is considered a common cardiovascular disease primarily affecting which part of the circulatory system?
Atherosclerosis is considered a common cardiovascular disease primarily affecting which part of the circulatory system?
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Stroke is a disease often associated with which of the following conditions?
Stroke is a disease often associated with which of the following conditions?
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Arrhythmia refers to disorders of cardiac conduction that lead to what type of heart contraction?
Arrhythmia refers to disorders of cardiac conduction that lead to what type of heart contraction?
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Hypertension accounts for 45% of deaths due to heart disease annually.
Hypertension accounts for 45% of deaths due to heart disease annually.
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A sustained systolic pressure greater than 139 mm Hg is considered hypertensive.
A sustained systolic pressure greater than 139 mm Hg is considered hypertensive.
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A complex, multi-factorial disorder accounts for about 70-75% of hypertension cases.
A complex, multi-factorial disorder accounts for about 70-75% of hypertension cases.
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Prostaglandins are considered constrictors that contribute to blood pressure regulation.
Prostaglandins are considered constrictors that contribute to blood pressure regulation.
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Hypertensive heart diseases can progress to heart failure but not ischemic heart disease.
Hypertensive heart diseases can progress to heart failure but not ischemic heart disease.
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Left ventricular wall thickening, increased heart weight, and ventricular wall stiffness are characteristics of hypertensive right ventricular hypertrophy.
Left ventricular wall thickening, increased heart weight, and ventricular wall stiffness are characteristics of hypertensive right ventricular hypertrophy.
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Atherosclerosis primarily affects the myocardium.
Atherosclerosis primarily affects the myocardium.
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Ventricular fibrillation is a compensatory mechanism of the heart.
Ventricular fibrillation is a compensatory mechanism of the heart.
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Hypertension can lead to both vessel and end-organ damage.
Hypertension can lead to both vessel and end-organ damage.
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The sinoatrial (SA) node regulates the heart rate and rhythm.
The sinoatrial (SA) node regulates the heart rate and rhythm.
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The Frank-Starling mechanism increases contractility by decreasing functional cross-bridge formation within the sarcomeres.
The Frank-Starling mechanism increases contractility by decreasing functional cross-bridge formation within the sarcomeres.
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Myocardial adaptations in response to increased filling volumes involve hypertrophy without cardiac chamber dilation.
Myocardial adaptations in response to increased filling volumes involve hypertrophy without cardiac chamber dilation.
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Arrhythmia results from coordinated generation of impulses leading to uniform contraction of the heart.
Arrhythmia results from coordinated generation of impulses leading to uniform contraction of the heart.
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Blood pressure is solely determined by cardiac output and not influenced by peripheral vascular resistance.
Blood pressure is solely determined by cardiac output and not influenced by peripheral vascular resistance.
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The major coronary arteries provide most blood flow to the myocardium during ventricular systole.
The major coronary arteries provide most blood flow to the myocardium during ventricular systole.
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The AV node is located near the junction of the right atrial appendage and the inferior vena cava.
The AV node is located near the junction of the right atrial appendage and the inferior vena cava.
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Study Notes
- Cardiovascular disease overview:
- Hypertension is a common disease.
- Components of the circulatory system include a pump (heart), distributary system (aorta, arteries, arterioles), oxygenation system (pulmonary vessels/lungs), system for exchange (capillaries), and collecting system (veins, vena cava).
- The heart has four valves and a cardiac conduction system that regulates heart rate and rhythm.
- The heart relies on a constant supply of oxygenated blood via the coronary arteries.
- Disorders of cardiac conduction can lead to arrhythmias and inefficient heart contractions.
- Common cardiovascular diseases include atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke, heart failure, arrhythmia, and heart valve problems.
- Structure and function of blood vessels:
- Blood pressure is a function of cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance.
- Blood pressure must be maintained within a narrow range to maintain organ perfusion.
- Hypertension can cause vessel and end-organ damage.
- Hypertension:
- Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease deaths.
- According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, clinically significant hypertension is defined as a sustained diastolic pressure greater than 89 mm Hg or a sustained systolic pressure in excess of 139 mm Hg.
- Major factors that determine blood pressure variation include stress, genetics, blood volume, and various hormonal and neural factors.
- Pathogenesis of hypertension:
- Secondary hypertension can be caused by various conditions, including renal disease, endocrine disorders, and neurological conditions.
- Symptoms of hypertension can include persistent headache, blurred or double vision, nosebleeds, and shortness of breath.
- Treatment of hypertension:
- Antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension include ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor antagonists, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics.
- Hypertension can also lead to hypertensive heart diseases, which can cause left or right heart hypertrophy.
- Compensated hypertensive heart diseases may be asymptomatic but can progress to heart failure or ischemic heart disease.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the cardiovascular system and common diseases, focusing on an overview of cardiovascular diseases with a specific emphasis on hypertension. Learn about the components of the circulatory system, including the heart, aorta, arteries, arterioles, and pulmonary vessels.
