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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of variant angina?
What is the primary cause of variant angina?
Which type of angina may not respond to medication?
Which type of angina may not respond to medication?
What time of day does variant angina typically occur?
What time of day does variant angina typically occur?
What is the normal heart rate for an adult at rest?
What is the normal heart rate for an adult at rest?
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What procedure records the heart's electrical activity to diagnose arrhythmias?
What procedure records the heart's electrical activity to diagnose arrhythmias?
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Which condition may develop in cases of advanced heart failure?
Which condition may develop in cases of advanced heart failure?
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What is the most common cause of heart failure?
What is the most common cause of heart failure?
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The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that increased filling of the ventricle results in what?
The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that increased filling of the ventricle results in what?
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What typically happens to the end diastolic volume in heart failure?
What typically happens to the end diastolic volume in heart failure?
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In heart failure, what contributes to exercise intolerance?
In heart failure, what contributes to exercise intolerance?
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What effect does sympathetic stimulation have in heart failure?
What effect does sympathetic stimulation have in heart failure?
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Which of the following conditions does NOT typically cause heart failure?
Which of the following conditions does NOT typically cause heart failure?
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What is one consequence of reduced contractility in heart failure?
What is one consequence of reduced contractility in heart failure?
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What does the P-QRS-T pattern in an electrocardiogram represent?
What does the P-QRS-T pattern in an electrocardiogram represent?
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Which phase of the cardiac cycle is characterized by rapid depolarization due to the inflow of Na+?
Which phase of the cardiac cycle is characterized by rapid depolarization due to the inflow of Na+?
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What occurs during Phase 3 of the cardiac action potential?
What occurs during Phase 3 of the cardiac action potential?
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Which of the following correctly describes an arrhythmia?
Which of the following correctly describes an arrhythmia?
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During which phase does the combination of slow inward Ca²⁺ current balance an outward K⁺ current?
During which phase does the combination of slow inward Ca²⁺ current balance an outward K⁺ current?
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What percentage of systemic hypertension cases is classified as primary (essential) hypertension?
What percentage of systemic hypertension cases is classified as primary (essential) hypertension?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with the neurological findings of elevated untreated hypertension?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with the neurological findings of elevated untreated hypertension?
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What is a common ocular finding in patients with untreated hypertension?
What is a common ocular finding in patients with untreated hypertension?
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Which of the following is a characteristic finding of renal complications due to hypertension?
Which of the following is a characteristic finding of renal complications due to hypertension?
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What physiological factor can lead to increased blood pressure according to the blood pressure equation?
What physiological factor can lead to increased blood pressure according to the blood pressure equation?
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Which type of hypertension is classified as resulting from an identifiable cause?
Which type of hypertension is classified as resulting from an identifiable cause?
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What condition is primarily responsible for renal findings such as arteriolar nephrosclerosis in hypertension?
What condition is primarily responsible for renal findings such as arteriolar nephrosclerosis in hypertension?
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What effect does increased sympathetic nervous system activity have on blood pressure?
What effect does increased sympathetic nervous system activity have on blood pressure?
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What distinguishes the atria from the ventricles in the heart?
What distinguishes the atria from the ventricles in the heart?
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Which heart valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
Which heart valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
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What is preload in cardiac physiology?
What is preload in cardiac physiology?
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At what blood pressure reading is hypertension typically diagnosed?
At what blood pressure reading is hypertension typically diagnosed?
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Which term refers to the volume of blood pumped from the heart per unit of time?
Which term refers to the volume of blood pumped from the heart per unit of time?
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What is the significance of blood flow occurring only when there's a difference in pressure across the valves?
What is the significance of blood flow occurring only when there's a difference in pressure across the valves?
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Which population is most likely to have a high incidence of hypertension?
Which population is most likely to have a high incidence of hypertension?
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What is afterload in the context of the cardiovascular system?
What is afterload in the context of the cardiovascular system?
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What is a characteristic feature of atrial flutter compared to atrial fibrillation?
What is a characteristic feature of atrial flutter compared to atrial fibrillation?
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What occurs when there is a blockage in one of the bundle branches?
What occurs when there is a blockage in one of the bundle branches?
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What type of arrhythmia is characterized by premature beats that start in the atria?
What type of arrhythmia is characterized by premature beats that start in the atria?
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What defines Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome?
What defines Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome?
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What happens during Sick Sinus Syndrome?
What happens during Sick Sinus Syndrome?
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What is a potential outcome of Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs)?
What is a potential outcome of Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs)?
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In a 3:1 block during atrial flutter, how many atrial beats correspond to one ventricular beat?
In a 3:1 block during atrial flutter, how many atrial beats correspond to one ventricular beat?
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What generally happens to the heart rate during Sick Sinus Syndrome?
What generally happens to the heart rate during Sick Sinus Syndrome?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System
- The heart has four chambers: two atria (upper) and two ventricles (lower).
- Four valves control blood flow: tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic.
- Blood flows in one direction due to pressure differences across the valves.
- Preload: Cardiac muscle load at diastole end.
- Afterload: Cardiac muscle load at systole end.
- Cardiac output: The amount of blood pumped by the heart in a given time.
- Stroke volume: Blood volume ejected from the heart per beat.
- Heart rate: Number of heart beats per unit time.
- Positive inotropy: Increased heart contraction force.
- Positive chronotropy: Increased heart rate.
- Positive dromotropy: Increased conduction velocity between the atria and ventricles.
Hypertension
- Hypertension is elevated blood pressure.
- High when systolic pressure exceeds 140 mmHg and diastolic exceeds 90 mmHg.
- Normal blood pressure is less than 120/80 mmHg.
- Pre-hypertension is between normal and high blood pressure.
- Hypertension increases risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and kidney disease and other complications.
- Classified into primary (essential) and secondary hypertension.
A-Hypertension
- Primary hypertension has no identifiable cause, and accounts for ~95% of cases.
- Secondary hypertension results from another disease (renal or adrenal)
- Increased sympathetic nervous system activity affects baroreceptors for regulating blood pressure.
- Blood pressure is affected by cardiac output and peripheral resistance.
- Increased renin-angiotensin system activity causes the kidneys to retain sodium and lose potassium.
B-Congestive Heart Failure
- Heart failure is the inability to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the body's needs.
- Left-sided heart failure causes pulmonary congestion.
- Right-sided heart failure causes systemic congestion.
- Associated symptoms like orthopnea, edema, and nocturia.
- Causes include ischemic heart disease, hypertension, cigarette smoking, obesity, diabetes, and valvular heart disease.
- Reduced contractility, decreased stroke volume, and reduced spare capacity contribute to the progression of heart failure.
C-Angina Pectoris
- Angina pectoris (angina) is chest pain due to insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle.
- Types of angina include stable, unstable, variant, and microvascular.
- Stable angina occurs with exertion and is relieved with rest.
- Unstable angina is unpredictable and doesn't follow a pattern, often a symptom of an impending heart attack.
- Variant or Prinzmetal's angina typically occurs at rest and usually is relieved with medicine.
- Microvascular angina is severe, may last longer than other types, and may not be relieved with medicine.
D-Arrhythmia
- Arrhythmia is an irregular heartbeat pattern due to problems with electrical impulses.
- Types of arrhythmia include bradycardia (slow heart rate) and tachycardia (fast heart rate).
- Causes of arrhythmia include abnormal impulse formation, abnormal impulse conduction, including re-entry.
- Arrhythmias can lead to a complete heart block or sick sinus syndrome.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts of the cardiovascular system, including heart structure, cardiac output, and the factors influencing heart performance. Additionally, it addresses hypertension, its definitions, and implications. Test your knowledge on these important health topics!
