Module 2 Questions Part 2

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

• MAP accounts for the average of systolic and diastolic pressures, specifically considering diastole lasting longer than systole.
• Formula for calculating MAP using heart rate, stroke volume, and resistance: MAP = HR × SV × PR

Poiseuille's Law & Blood Flow

• Blood flow decreases when resistance increases.

Blood Viscosity

• Hematocrit levels are the primary contributing factor to blood viscosity.

Critical Closing Pressure

• Critical closing pressure is the pressure at which a blood vessel collapses.

Laplace's Law

• The force on a vessel wall is proportional to blood pressure and vessel diameter.

Vascular Compliance

• Vascular compliance refers to the tendency of blood vessel volume to increase as blood pressure increases.

Blood Velocity & Cross-Sectional Area

• Blood velocity decreases as cross-sectional area increases.

Venous Blood Flow

• Venous valves ensure unidirectional blood flow.

Venous Return During Inhalation

• Decreased thoracic pressure and increased abdominal pressure drive venous return during inhalation.

Venous Tone & Return

• Venous return increases when venous tone increases.

Cardiovascular Center

• The cardiovascular center is located in the medulla oblongata.

Baroreceptors & Blood Pressure Regulation

• Baroreceptors change peripheral resistance in response to pressure changes.

Chemoreceptors Location

• Chemoreceptors are located in the aorta and carotid arteries.

Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH) Release

• Increased atrial blood pressure triggers the release of ANH.

Angiotensin Conversion

• Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

Aldosterone & Kidneys

• Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.

Hypovolemic Shock

• Hypovolemic shock is caused by severe blood loss.

Cardiogenic Shock

• Cardiogenic shock is caused by damage to heart muscle.

Nitric Oxide & Blood Flow

• Nitric oxide acts as a vasodilator.

Vascular Shock

• Vascular shock is defined by a severe drop in peripheral resistance.

Eicosanoids & Blood Flow

• Eicosanoids act as vasodilators and inhibit clotting

Blood Pooling in Standing Position

• Blood pooling in veins when standing is due to hydrostatic pressure.

Sympathetic Nervous System & Blood Flow

• The sympathetic nervous system increases vasoconstriction.

Myogenic Response & Blood Flow

• The myogenic response regulates blood flow within a blood vessel.

Vasopressin (ADH) Function

• Vasopressin (ADH) increases water reabsorption.

Blood Vessel Constriction

• Myogenic response causes blood vessel constriction in response to increased pressure.

Blood Flow During Exercise

• Blood flow increases as vessel diameter increases during exercise.

Hormone Release in Response to Stress

• Epinephrine is released in response to stress or a sudden drop in blood pressure.

Aneurysm Formation

• High pressure and large vessel diameter increase the wall stress of an aneurysm.

Chemoreceptors During Hypercapnia

• Chemoreceptors stimulate breathing rate during hypercapnia.

Primary Determinant of Blood Viscosity

• Hematocrit is the primary determinant of blood viscosity.

Venous Return Transition

• Venous return decreases when a person transitions from lying down to standing up.

Skeletal Muscle Pump During Exercise

• The skeletal muscle pump compresses veins to increase venous return during exercise.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAA)

• The RAA system increases blood pressure by promoting sodium reabsorption.

Vasodilation & Peripheral Resistance

• Vasodilation decreases peripheral resistance.

Hypovolemic Shock Factors

• Peripheral resistance increases during hypovolemic shock.

Renin Release Initiation

• Decreased blood pressure initiates renin release from the kidneys.

Cardiovascular Center Regulation

• The cardiovascular center regulates peripheral resistance, heart rate, and stroke volume.

Test your knowledge on cardiovascular physiology, focusing on concepts like Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), blood viscosity, Poiseuille's Law, and vascular compliance. This quiz examines the principles that govern blood flow and vessel dynamics in the circulatory system.