Module 2 Questions Part 2 PDF

### **1. What does the mean arterial pressure (MAP) calculation account for?** a\) The average of systolic and diastolic pressures\ b) Systolic pressure duration only\ c) Diastole lasting longer than systole\ d) Blood viscosity and resistance\ e) Total blood volume **Answer:** c) Diastole lasting...

### **1. What does the mean arterial pressure (MAP) calculation account for?** a\) The average of systolic and diastolic pressures\ b) Systolic pressure duration only\ c) Diastole lasting longer than systole\ d) Blood viscosity and resistance\ e) Total blood volume **Answer:** c) Diastole lasting longer than systole ### **2. What is the formula to calculate MAP using heart rate, stroke volume, and resistance?** a\) MAP = CO × PR\ b) MAP = HR × SV × PR\ c) MAP = SV × HR\ d) MAP = CO ÷ PR\ e) MAP = HR + SV **Answer:** b) MAP = HR × SV × PR ### **3. According to Poiseuille's Law, what happens to blood flow when resistance increases?** a\) Flow increases\ b) Flow decreases\ c) Flow remains constant\ d) Flow becomes turbulent\ e) Flow oscillates **Answer:** b) Flow decreases ### **4. What contributes most to blood viscosity?** a\) Platelet count\ b) Plasma concentration\ c) Hematocrit levels\ d) Vessel diameter\ e) Blood pressure **Answer:** c) Hematocrit levels ### **5. What is the critical closing pressure of a blood vessel?** a\) The pressure at which blood flow is maximized\ b) The pressure required for venous return\ c) The pressure at which a blood vessel collapses\ d) The threshold pressure for turbulence\ e) The pressure needed for diffusion **Answer:** c) The pressure at which a blood vessel collapses ### **6. Laplace's Law states that the force on a vessel wall is proportional to what?** a\) Vessel length and viscosity\ b) Blood pressure and vessel diameter\ c) Hydrostatic pressure and blood volume\ d) Resistance and cross-sectional area\ e) Stroke volume and heart rate **Answer:** b) Blood pressure and vessel diameter ### **7. What is vascular compliance?** a\) Resistance of a vessel to flow\ b) Tendency of blood vessels to collapse under pressure\ c) Tendency of blood vessel volume to increase as blood pressure increases\ d) Elasticity of capillaries\ e) Contraction of veins under sympathetic stimulation **Answer:** c) Tendency of blood vessel volume to increase as blood pressure increases ### **8. What vessel type experiences the greatest drop in pressure?** a\) Capillaries\ b) Veins\ c) Arteries\ d) Arterioles\ e) Venules **Answer:** d) Arterioles ### **9. How does cross-sectional area affect blood velocity?** a\) Increased cross-sectional area increases blood velocity.\ b) Decreased cross-sectional area decreases blood velocity.\ c) Blood velocity decreases as cross-sectional area increases.\ d) Cross-sectional area has no effect on blood velocity.\ e) Blood velocity fluctuates independently of cross-sectional area. **Answer:** c) Blood velocity decreases as cross-sectional area increases. ### **10. What ensures unidirectional venous blood flow?** a\) Gravity\ b) Skeletal muscle pumps\ c) Venous valves\ d) Respiratory pump\ e) Arterial pressure **Answer:** c) Venous valves ### **11. What mechanism drives venous return during inhalation?** a\) Skeletal muscle compression\ b) Increased thoracic pressure\ c) Decreased thoracic pressure and increased abdominal pressure\ d) Decreased blood viscosity\ e) Arteriolar dilation **Answer:** c) Decreased thoracic pressure and increased abdominal pressure ### **12. What happens to venous return when venous tone increases?** a\) It decreases.\ b) It remains constant.\ c) It increases.\ d) It fluctuates randomly.\ e) It reverses direction. **Answer:** c) It increases. ### **13. What cardiovascular center is located in the medulla oblongata?** a\) Atrial center\ b) Ventricular center\ c) Cardiovascular center\ d) Vasoactive center\ e) Peripheral center **Answer:** c) Cardiovascular center ### **14. What is the role of baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation?** a\) Detect changes in oxygen levels\ b) Detect changes in pH\ c) Change peripheral resistance in response to pressure changes\ d) Increase cardiac output during hypoxia\ e) Decrease venous tone **Answer:** c) Change peripheral resistance in response to pressure changes ### **15. Where are chemoreceptors located?** a\) Carotid sinus and vena cava\ b) Aorta and carotid arteries\ c) Left atrium and pulmonary arteries\ d) Arterioles and capillaries\ e) Veins and venules **Answer:** b) Aorta and carotid arteries ### **16. What triggers the release of atrial natriuretic hormone?** a\) Increased blood pH\ b) Decreased blood pressure\ c) Increased atrial blood pressure\ d) Increased blood viscosity\ e) Decreased cardiac output **Answer:** c) Increased atrial blood pressure ### **17. What converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?** a\) Liver enzymes\ b) Angiotensinogen\ c) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)\ d) Adrenal cortex\ e) Vasopressin **Answer:** c) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) ### **18. What effect does aldosterone have on the kidneys?** a\) Increases water excretion\ b) Increases sodium reabsorption\ c) Decreases urine volume\ d) Increases blood viscosity\ e) Reduces venous tone **Answer:** b) Increases sodium reabsorption ### **19. What causes hypovolemic shock?** a\) Severe blood loss\ b) Increased cardiac output\ c) Excessive blood viscosity\ d) Blocked arteries\ e) Increased blood pressure **Answer:** a) Severe blood loss ### **20. What causes cardiogenic shock?** a\) Dehydration\ b) Damage to heart muscle\ c) Low blood viscosity\ d) Peripheral resistance increase\ e) Vascular compliance **Answer:** b) Damage to heart muscle ### **21. What role does nitric oxide play in blood flow?** a\) Increases viscosity\ b) Acts as a vasodilator\ c) Decreases compliance\ d) Increases venous tone\ e) Promotes clotting **Answer:** b) Acts as a vasodilator ### **22. What defines vascular shock?** a\) Sudden decrease in blood pH\ b) Severe drop in peripheral resistance\ c) Blockage of the vena cava\ d) Elevated cardiac output\ e) Collapse of blood vessels **Answer:** b) Severe drop in peripheral resistance ### **23. How do eicosanoids regulate blood flow?** a\) Increase vasoconstriction\ b) Act as vasodilators and inhibit clotting\ c) Increase arterial compliance\ d) Enhance oxygen exchange\ e) Decrease blood viscosity **Answer:** b) Act as vasodilators and inhibit clotting ### **24. What causes blood pooling in veins when standing?** a\) Increased arterial compliance\ b) Hydrostatic pressure\ c) Decreased venous tone\ d) Dehydration\ e) Increased oxygen levels **Answer:** b) Hydrostatic pressure ### **25. How does the sympathetic nervous system affect blood flow?** a\) Decreases heart rate\ b) Increases vasoconstriction\ c) Enhances nitric oxide production\ d) Decreases arterial compliance\ e) Inhibits adrenal medulla **Answer:** b) Increases vasoconstriction ### **26. What does the myogenic response regulate?** a\) Heart rate variability\ b) Blood flow within a blood vessel\ c) Oxygen diffusion in capillaries\ d) Baroreceptor sensitivity\ e) Hormonal secretion from adrenal glands **Answer:** b) Blood flow within a blood vessel ### **27. What is the primary function of vasopressin (ADH)?** a\) Increase urinary output\ b) Promote sodium excretion\ c) Increase water reabsorption\ d) Decrease venous tone\ e) Enhance vasodilation **Answer:** c) Increase water reabsorption ### **28. What causes blood vessel constriction in response to increased pressure?** a\) Hormonal control\ b) Myogenic response\ c) Baroreceptor activation\ d) Increased nitric oxide production\ e) Decreased oxygen levels **Answer:** b) Myogenic response ### **29. What happens to blood flow during exercise?** a\) Resistance increases due to vessel constriction.\ b) Blood flow increases as vessel diameter increases.\ c) Capillaries collapse due to high pressure.\ d) Viscosity decreases to improve flow.\ e) Peripheral resistance increases drastically. **Answer:** b) Blood flow increases as vessel diameter increases. ### **30. Which hormone is released in response to stress or a sudden drop in blood pressure?** a\) Atrial natriuretic hormone\ b) Vasopressin\ c) Epinephrine\ d) Angiotensinogen\ e) Dopamine **Answer:** c) Epinephrine ### **31. How does an aneurysm form according to Laplace's Law?** a\) Increased viscosity weakens vessel walls.\ b) High pressure and large vessel diameter increase wall stress.\ c) Decreased compliance leads to vessel rupture.\ d) Low resistance damages vessel integrity.\ e) Elevated venous return increases wall pressure. **Answer:** b) High pressure and large vessel diameter increase wall stress. ### **32. What is the role of chemoreceptors during hypercapnia?** a\) Increase venous tone\ b) Trigger vasodilation\ c) Stimulate breathing rate\ d) Decrease stroke volume\ e) Activate nitric oxide release **Answer:** c) Stimulate breathing rate ### **33. What is the primary determinant of blood viscosity?** a\) Water content in plasma\ b) Protein concentration\ c) Hematocrit\ d) Sodium levels\ e) Platelet count **Answer:** c) Hematocrit ### **34. What happens to venous return when a person transitions from lying down to standing up?** a\) Venous return increases.\ b) Venous return decreases.\ c) Arteries constrict to compensate.\ d) Hydrostatic pressure decreases.\ e) Capillary flow becomes turbulent. **Answer:** b) Venous return decreases. ### **35. What does the skeletal muscle pump do during exercise?** a\) Compresses arteries to reduce resistance\ b) Compresses veins to increase venous return\ c) Increases arterial blood pressure\ d) Enhances lymphatic drainage\ e) Reduces viscosity to improve flow **Answer:** b) Compresses veins to increase venous return ### **36. What is the primary role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAA)?** a\) Decrease blood pressure by increasing urine output\ b) Increase blood pressure by promoting sodium reabsorption\ c) Enhance venous tone during exercise\ d) Regulate oxygen levels in tissues\ e) Decrease cardiac output during hypoxia **Answer:** b) Increase blood pressure by promoting sodium reabsorption ### **37. What effect does vasodilation have on peripheral resistance?** a\) Increases resistance\ b) Decreases resistance\ c) Has no effect on resistance\ d) Causes turbulent blood flow\ e) Promotes increased viscosity **Answer:** b) Decreases resistance ### **38. What factor increases during hypovolemic shock?** a\) Blood pressure\ b) Venous tone\ c) Cardiac output\ d) Vascular compliance\ e) Peripheral resistance **Answer:** e) Peripheral resistance ### **39. What initiates the release of renin from the kidneys?** a\) High blood viscosity\ b) Increased stroke volume\ c) Decreased blood pressure\ d) Elevated blood pH\ e) Low oxygen levels **Answer:** c) Decreased blood pressure ### **40. What does the cardiovascular center regulate?** a\) Hormonal production in the adrenal glands\ b) Peripheral resistance, heart rate, and stroke volume\ c) Oxygen diffusion in capillaries\ d) Hematocrit levels in the blood\ e) Lymphatic drainage **Answer:** b) Peripheral resistance, heart rate, and stroke volume