20 Questions
What is the most important factor controlling flow?
The most important factor controlling flow is arterial blood pressure.
What determines which organs get blood?
Arteriole dilation/constriction determines which organs get blood.
How does sympathetic stimulation affect cardiac function?
Sympathetic stimulation increases cardiac contraction and heart rate.
Describe the cells type in the heart.
The cells in the heart are cardiac muscle cells.
Draw and explain the features of a normal ECG trace.
A normal ECG trace consists of a P wave, QRS complex, and T wave. The P wave represents atrial depolarization, the QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, and the T wave represents ventricular repolarization.
Describe cardiac output.
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR) by the stroke volume (SV), as given by the equation: $Cardiac Output = HR \times SV$.
What is the sequence of signal spread in the heart?
SA node - AV node - AV bundle (bundle of His) - Bundle branches - Endocardial network (Purkinje fibers)
What are the regions of the heart depolarizing/repolarizing during the P wave, QRS complex, ST segment, and T wave?
P wave: Depolarization of the atria, QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization, ST segment: Ventricles depolarized, T wave: Ventricles repolarizing
What is cardiac output and how is it calculated?
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle in 1 beat. It is calculated by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate: Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
What is the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart?
The Frank-Starling Law of the Heart states that the more blood in the heart, the more stretch there is, leading to a stronger contraction and more blood ejected
Which of the following is NOT a feature of cardiac muscle cells?
T-tubules
What is the main function of the cardiac conducting system?
To generate electrical signals
What is the role of calcium in cardiac contractile muscle action?
It contracts the heart chambers
Which factor primarily determines which organs receive blood flow?
Arteriole dilation/constriction
What is the main effect of sympathetic stimulation on cardiac function?
Increase in cardiac contraction and heart rate
What controls overall arterial blood pressure?
Baroreceptors
Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating cardiac output?
Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
What is the definition of blood pressure?
Blood pressure is the force blood applies to blood vessels
Which blood pressure is higher, systolic or diastolic?
Systolic pressure
What is pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure?
Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, while mean arterial pressure is the average pressure in the arteries during one cardiac cycle
Study Notes
Cardiac Function and Regulation
- The most important factor controlling blood flow is resistance in the blood vessels.
Blood Distribution
- The body's needs and priorities determine which organs receive blood flow.
Sympathetic Stimulation
- Sympathetic stimulation increases cardiac function by increasing heart rate and contractility.
Cardiac Cells
- The heart contains three types of cells: atrial cells, ventricular cells, and purkinje fibers.
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- A normal ECG trace features a P wave, QRS complex, ST segment, and T wave, representing atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, ventricular repolarization, and atrial repolarization, respectively.
Cardiac Output
- Cardiac output is the heart's ability to pump blood, calculated by multiplying heart rate and stroke volume (CO = HR x SV).
Signal Spread in the Heart
- The sequence of signal spread in the heart is: SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, purkinje fibers, and ventricular cells.
ECG Waves and Heart Activity
- During the P wave, the atria depolarize; during the QRS complex, the ventricles depolarize; during the ST segment, the ventricles repolarize; and during the T wave, the atria repolarize.
Frank-Starling Law of the Heart
- The Frank-Starling Law states that an increase in ventricular volume increases cardiac output.
Cardiac Muscle Cells
- Cardiac muscle cells are unique in being autorhythmic, having a high concentration of mitochondria, and being interconnected by intercalated discs.
Cardiac Conducting System
- The main function of the cardiac conducting system is to generate and propagate electrical signals throughout the heart.
Calcium in Cardiac Contractility
- Calcium ions play a crucial role in cardiac contractility, allowing muscle contraction.
Blood Pressure Regulation
- Peripheral resistance, cardiac output, and blood volume are the three primary factors controlling overall arterial blood pressure.
Blood Pressure Parameters
- Blood pressure is defined as the force exerted by blood on blood vessel walls; systolic pressure is higher than diastolic pressure; pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure; and mean arterial pressure is the average pressure throughout the cardiac cycle.
Test your knowledge of cardiovascular physiology with this quiz! Learn about the different cell types in the heart, the cardiac conducting system, and the features of a normal ECG trace. Explore concepts such as cardiac output, blood pressure regulation, and more. Perfect for students and healthcare professionals studying cardiovascular physiology.
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