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Questions and Answers
A patient's blood pressure is chronically elevated due to increased peripheral resistance. Which of the following interventions would directly address this cause?
A patient's blood pressure is chronically elevated due to increased peripheral resistance. Which of the following interventions would directly address this cause?
- Recommending a diet high in sodium to increase fluid retention.
- Administering a diuretic to reduce blood volume.
- Prescribing a medication that increases heart rate and contractility.
- Administering a vasodilator to decrease vessel constriction. (correct)
During a marathon, a runner's blood flow to the skeletal muscles increases significantly. Which local metabolic change contributes most directly to this vasodilation?
During a marathon, a runner's blood flow to the skeletal muscles increases significantly. Which local metabolic change contributes most directly to this vasodilation?
- Increased oxygen concentration.
- Increased pH (more alkaline).
- Increased carbon dioxide levels. (correct)
- Decreased carbon dioxide levels.
The sympathetic nervous system influences blood pressure by causing:
The sympathetic nervous system influences blood pressure by causing:
- Decreased heart rate and vasodilation.
- Increased heart rate and vasoconstriction. (correct)
- Increased heart rate and vasodilation.
- Decreased heart rate and vasoconstriction.
Which type of blood vessel is primarily responsible for regulating blood flow into capillary beds?
Which type of blood vessel is primarily responsible for regulating blood flow into capillary beds?
What compensatory mechanism occurs in response to a sudden drop in blood pressure?
What compensatory mechanism occurs in response to a sudden drop in blood pressure?
Which of the following factors would increase blood flow to a tissue?
Which of the following factors would increase blood flow to a tissue?
How do veins counteract the effects of gravity to ensure blood returns to the heart?
How do veins counteract the effects of gravity to ensure blood returns to the heart?
Which of the following best illustrates the role of capillaries in maintaining tissue homeostasis?
Which of the following best illustrates the role of capillaries in maintaining tissue homeostasis?
What is the primary long-term mechanism for regulating blood pressure?
What is the primary long-term mechanism for regulating blood pressure?
A person experiences a sudden increase in blood pressure. What immediate response would the body initiate to lower it?
A person experiences a sudden increase in blood pressure. What immediate response would the body initiate to lower it?
How does nitric oxide (NO) typically affect blood vessels?
How does nitric oxide (NO) typically affect blood vessels?
The length of a blood vessel increases due to a patient gaining weight. How does this affect blood flow, assuming other factors remain constant?
The length of a blood vessel increases due to a patient gaining weight. How does this affect blood flow, assuming other factors remain constant?
During exercise, the heart's contractility increases due to sympathetic stimulation. Which receptor type mediates this effect in the heart?
During exercise, the heart's contractility increases due to sympathetic stimulation. Which receptor type mediates this effect in the heart?
What effect does increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system have on the heart?
What effect does increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system have on the heart?
What happens to blood pressure if cardiac output increases while peripheral resistance remains constant?
What happens to blood pressure if cardiac output increases while peripheral resistance remains constant?
Epinephrine can bind to both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. Which of the following effects is primarily mediated by alpha-adrenergic receptor activation?
Epinephrine can bind to both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. Which of the following effects is primarily mediated by alpha-adrenergic receptor activation?
A patient with kidney disease has impaired long-term blood pressure regulation. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely affected?
A patient with kidney disease has impaired long-term blood pressure regulation. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely affected?
If the radius of a blood vessel decreases by half due to vasoconstriction, how would this affect the resistance to blood flow, assuming all other factors remain constant?
If the radius of a blood vessel decreases by half due to vasoconstriction, how would this affect the resistance to blood flow, assuming all other factors remain constant?
Which of the following conditions would typically result in vasodilation?
Which of the following conditions would typically result in vasodilation?
Flashcards
Cardiac Function
Cardiac Function
The heart's ability to pump blood effectively to meet the body's needs.
Cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate
Cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate
Determines how well the heart functions.
Mechanics of Blood Flow
Mechanics of Blood Flow
Blood flow depends on pressure gradients and vascular resistance.
Peripheral Resistance
Peripheral Resistance
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Blood Flow Direction
Blood Flow Direction
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Regulation of Blood Pressure
Regulation of Blood Pressure
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Sympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
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Arteries
Arteries
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Arterioles
Arterioles
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Capillaries
Capillaries
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Veins
Veins
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Intrinsic Factors
Intrinsic Factors
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Extrinsic Factors
Extrinsic Factors
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Sympathetic Activation
Sympathetic Activation
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Parasympathetic Activation
Parasympathetic Activation
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Heart's Response to Sympathetic Stimulation
Heart's Response to Sympathetic Stimulation
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Parasympathetic Stimulation
Parasympathetic Stimulation
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Study Notes
- Transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and immune cells to cells in the body
- Removes metabolic waste products
Cardiac Function
- Refers to the heart's ability to pump blood effectively to meet the body's needs
- Cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate determine how well the heart functions
- Blood vessels transport blood throughout the body facilitating the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste products between blood and tissues
- Blood flow is influenced by blood pressure, resistance in blood vessels, and the heart's pumping action
- Blood pressure is vital for circulating blood and is affected by cardiac output, blood volume, and vascular resistance
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, hormones, and local factors regulate blood pressure
Mechanics of Blood Flow
- Blood flow depends on pressure gradients and vascular resistance
- Peripheral resistance is affected by blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel radius
- Blood flows from high to low pressure areas
- Blood flow is directly proportional to the pressure gradient but inversely proportional to resistance
- Vasoconstriction decreases blood flow, while vasodilation increases blood flow
Regulation of Blood Pressure
- Short-term regulation via the nervous system and hormones
- Long-term regulation through the kidneys, which control blood volume
- The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, contractility, and vasoconstriction, raising blood pressure
- The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate and contractility, lowering blood pressure
- The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulates blood volume and vascular resistance
Types of Vessels
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart and are thick-walled, and elastic
- Arterioles control blood flow into capillaries through vasoconstriction and vasodilation
- Capillaries are thin-walled vessels that facilitate the exchange of substances between blood and tissues
- Veins carry blood back to the heart, have valves to prevent backflow, and are more compliant than arteries
- Venules collect blood from capillaries and merge into veins
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors
- Intrinsic factors include local metabolic factors like oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH, and nitric oxide, which affect vasodilation and vasoconstriction
- Extrinsic factors include the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, hormones (epinephrine, angiotensin II), which systemically regulate blood flow and pressure
- Sympathetic activation generally causes vasoconstriction through alpha-adrenergic receptors, increasing blood pressure
- Parasympathetic activation has minimal direct effect on most blood vessels but can cause vasodilation in certain tissues via nitric oxide
- The heart responds to sympathetic stimulation with increased rate and force of contraction via beta-adrenergic receptors
- Parasympathetic stimulation slows the heart rate through the vagus nerve
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