Cardiac Function and Blood Flow vs

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

How does viscosity affect resistance and flow?

Increased viscosity increases resistance and decreases flow (correct)

Increased viscosity decreases resistance and increases flow

Viscosity has no effect on resistance and flow

Increased viscosity increases resistance but has no effect on flow

What is the main factor for flow in relation to vessel radius?

The smaller the radius, the more resistance and less flow

The bigger the radius, the more resistance and less flow

The smaller the radius, the less resistance and more flow

The bigger the radius, the less resistance and more flow (correct)

How does vasoconstriction affect flow?

Vasoconstriction decreases resistance but has no effect on flow

Vasoconstriction decreases resistance and increases flow

Vasoconstriction increases resistance and decreases flow (correct)

Vasoconstriction has no effect on resistance and flow

What is the relationship between flow rate and velocity?

Flow rate is the volume that passes in time, while velocity is the speed per time Signup and view all the answers

What does Poiseuille’s Law describe?

The relationship between velocity and the cross-sectional area of the tube Signup and view all the answers

What is the resting membrane potential (RMP) of a cardiac contractile cell?

$-90mV$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the plateau phase in cardiac contractile cells?

Allowing time for calcium to bind to troponin and preventing tetanus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the longer refractory period of cardiac cells compared to skeletal muscle cells?

The plateau phase Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the electrical activity in the conducting system of the heart?

SA node depolarization Signup and view all the answers

What do the ECG waves represent?

Atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of autorhythmic cells in the heart?

Generating action potentials Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the heart cells do contractile cells make up?

98% Signup and view all the answers

What happens during ventricular ejection in the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle?

Blood is pumped out of the ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that increases resistance in the cardiac physiology?

Decrease in flow rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcium in the contraction of contractile cardiac cells?

Binding to troponin to initiate muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the action potential in a cardiac autorhythmic cell?

No resting membrane potential and hovers around $-60mV$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of the sympathetic nervous system on vessel action potentials?

Vasoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the baroreceptor reflex?

Maintains blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which type of capillary has the highest permeability?

Sinusoids Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor contributing to the slow blood flow velocity in capillaries?

Large cross-sectional area Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the movement of large particles or droplets across the capillary wall through vesicular transport?

Transcytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main driver for capillary absorption?

Colloid osmotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

At which end of the capillary does filtration dominate over absorption?

Arterial end Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

Drain excess tissue fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid leading to tissue swelling?

Edema Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can disrupt the balance between capillary filtration and absorption?

High hydrostatic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of plasma?

Water, proteins, ions, organic molecules, gases, trace elements, vitamins Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood cell is primarily responsible for oxygen transport in the body?

Erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is stroke volume?

The amount of blood ejected from the ventricle in one heartbeat, calculated as EDV - ESV Signup and view all the answers

Which factors influence stroke volume?

Contractility, venous return, and the Frank-Starling law of the heart Signup and view all the answers

What is cardiac output?

The amount of blood ejected per minute, calculated as stroke volume times heart rate Signup and view all the answers

How is cardiac output calculated?

By multiplying stroke volume with heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What influences venous return to the heart?

Skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, and sympathetic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What does the Frank-Starling law of the heart describe?

The relationship between EDV and stroke volume Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of blood vessels?

Arteries, arterioles, metarterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins Signup and view all the answers

What influences blood pressure?

Factors such as resistance, systolic and diastolic pressure, pulse, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3(systolic pressure - diastolic pressure) Signup and view all the answers

What controls heart rate through parasympathetic and sympathetic influences?

Autonomic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What can influence inotropic effects and contractility, affecting stroke volume?

Inotropic effects can be positive or negative and are influenced by factors such as contractility Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during isovolumic contraction and relaxation?

All heart valves are closed Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is responsible for transporting iron in plasma to either the liver for storage as ferritin or to the bone marrow to form hemoglobin inside red blood cells?

Transferrin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pleural sac?

To prevent friction Signup and view all the answers

Which cells of the alveolar sacs are responsible for secreting surfactant?

Type 2 cells Signup and view all the answers

According to Dalton’s law, what does the sum of partial pressures in a container equal?

The total gas pressure Signup and view all the answers

What does Boyle’s law state about the relationship between the volume of a container and the pressure inside?

They are inversely proportional Signup and view all the answers

Which lung volume represents the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal expiration?

Expiratory reserve volume Signup and view all the answers

During quiet breathing, what happens to intrapleural pressure during inhalation?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of surfactant in the lungs?

To prevent alveolar collapse Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a decrease in oxygen levels?

Hypoxia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an increase in carbon dioxide levels?

Hypercapnia Signup and view all the answers

What factors affect the gas diffusion rate in the lungs?

Surface area and concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

What determines the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin in blood?

Partial pressure and affinity Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiac Function and Blood Flow Summary

Isovolumic contraction and relaxation occur when all heart valves are closed
End diastolic volume (EDV) is the blood volume after ventricular diastole
Atrial and ventricular valves open and close during different phases of the cardiac cycle
Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle in one heartbeat, calculated as EDV - ESV
Cardiac output is the amount of blood ejected per minute, calculated as stroke volume times heart rate
Autonomic nervous system control of heart rate involves parasympathetic and sympathetic influences
Factors influencing stroke volume include contractility, venous return, and the Frank-Starling law of the heart
Inotropic effects can be positive or negative and influence contractility, affecting stroke volume
Venous return to the heart is influenced by the skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, and sympathetic nervous system
Blood vessels include arteries, arterioles, metarterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, each with distinct structures and functions
Blood pressure is influenced by factors such as resistance, systolic and diastolic pressure, pulse, and mean arterial pressure (MAP)
Factors influencing MAP include cardiac output, peripheral resistance, changes in blood volume, and compensation mechanisms

Respiratory System Physiology and Gas Exchange

Iron is ingested from the diet and absorbed by active transport, with transferrin protein transporting iron in plasma to either the liver for storage as ferritin or to the bone marrow to form hemoglobin inside red blood cells.
Hemostasis involves vasoconstriction, forming a platelet plug, and then forming a clot.
The primary functions of the respiratory system are gas exchange, regulation of body pH, protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances, and vocalization.
The pleural sac is a double-layered membrane around the lungs that prevents friction, maintains lung inflation, and stores pleural fluid.
Cells of the alveolar sacs include type 1 (for respiration/gas exchange), type 2 (secreting surfactant), and alveolar macrophages (for immunity).
The pulmonary circulation pathway involves the right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, arteries, capillaries, venules, veins, and left atrium.
The mucociliary escalator traps and removes pathogens using mucous, saline, and cilia, with the cells secreting saline and utilizing a paracellular pathway for movement.
Dalton’s law states that the sum of partial pressures in a container equals the total gas pressure, while partial pressure is the pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture.
Gas particles move down a concentration gradient, following Boyle’s law which states that changing the volume of a container changes the pressure inside.
Lung volumes and capacities include tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity.
Pressure changes in the lungs during quiet breathing involve intrapleural pressure decreasing during inhalation and increasing during exhalation, while alveolar pressure decreases during inhalation and increases during exhalation.
Surfactant is a detergent that prevents alveolar walls from collapsing by breaking down water polar molecules in alveoli. Airway resistance is affected by factors like radius, air flow, bronchodilation, and bronchoconstriction. Total pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation are measures of air entering the airways and fresh air reaching the alveoli, respectively.
Hypoxia is a decrease in oxygen levels, while hypercapnia is an increase in carbon dioxide levels. Sensors respond to oxygen levels, carbon dioxide levels, and pH to avoid hypoxia and hypercapnia. Gas diffusion rate is affected by surface area, concentration gradient, barrier permeability, and diffusion distance. Oxygen is transported in blood and its binding to hemoglobin is determined by partial pressure and affinity.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge of Cardiac Function and Blood Flow Summary and Respiratory System Physiology and Gas Exchange with this quiz. Challenge yourself with questions related to heart valve functions, stroke volume, cardiac output, and factors influencing blood pressure, as well as topics like gas exchange, lung volumes, Dalton's law, and gas diffusion rate.