Cardiovascular Disease: Angina Pectoris Overview

<p>Left coronary artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic regulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>~750 ml/min (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreasing myocardial oxygen demand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Induce vasodilation of coronary arteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autonomic nervous system activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coronary angioplasty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing meat consumption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspirin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps dissolve blood clots. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>β-blockers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mediterranean-type diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stenting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fruits and vegetables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nitric oxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dizziness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NO release and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases heart rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Availability of sulfhydryl groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased myocardial oxygen demand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin ulcerations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasodilation leading to reduced cardiac workload (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dull or heavy chest pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta-blocker (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain lasting more than 15 minutes at rest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduce heart rate and workload (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta-blocker (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long-lasting organic nitrate vasodilators (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indigestion-like pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases oxygen supply to heart tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stable angina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevent progression of atheromatous disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atheromatous disease of the coronary arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Induces vasodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased adenosine production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Induces hyperpolarization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chest pain at rest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased cAMP levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased cardiac workload (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocardial infarction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocardial infarction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process where fatty acids are broken down to produce energy, accounting for a significant portion of the heart's energy needs.

The primary energy source for the heart, supplying around 60-70% of the heart's energy needs.

The process by which the heart muscle contracts, consuming a significant amount of ATP.

The blood flow that delivers oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle.

The process by which the heart muscle relaxes, consuming ATP.

The process by which the flow of blood to the heart muscle is controlled. It is regulated by factors like oxygen demand, blood pressure, and chemical signals.

The condition where the heart muscle is deprived of oxygen due to reduced blood flow.

The characteristic pain in the chest that occurs during exertion or stress. It's caused by insufficient oxygen being delivered to the heart muscle.

A condition marked by unstable chest pain and a high risk of heart attack. It's classified into two types: unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction (heart attack).

A type of heart attack where there is a complete blockage of a coronary artery, causing damage to the heart muscle.

A condition where coronary arteries are narrowed due to buildup of plaque.

The process by which the body automatically adjusts blood flow to meet the changing oxygen needs of the heart.

A chemical released in the heart that causes vasodilation (widening) of coronary arteries, increasing blood flow.

A decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), often leading to myocardial ischemia.

An increase in the electrical activity of the heart, which may occur with ischemia and lead to increased oxygen demand.

A type of angina that occurs at rest or with minimal exertion, often related to coronary vasospasm.

A type of angina that occurs with exertion or stress, often related to atheromatous disease.

A type of angina that is more severe and unpredictable, often a sign of unstable plaque.

Short-acting organic nitrates are used to treat acute chest pain and prevent anginal episodes before exertion. Examples include Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN), which is administered sublingually, as a spray, or intravenously.

Long-acting organic nitrates are used in conjunction with other medications to manage chronic chest pain. Examples include Isosorbide Dinitrate and Isosorbide Mononitrate, administered orally or as slow-release patches.

Organic nitrates release Nitric Oxide (NO) when metabolized, leading to systemic vasodilation, primarily affecting veins.

Systemic vasodilation from organic nitrates reduces preload (venous return to the heart) and afterload (resistance against which the heart pumps), improving oxygen supply to the ischemic myocardium.

Common adverse effects of organic nitrates include dizziness, postural hypotension, reflex tachycardia, and headache. Prolonged use can lead to tolerance due to reduced availability of sulfhydryl groups needed for bioactivation.

Nicorandil is a nicotinamide ester with a dual action: nitrate-like (releases NO, causing vasodilation) and activator of vascular ATP-sensitive potassium channels (at higher doses).

Ivabradine specifically inhibits the pacemaker If current in the Sinoatrial Node (SAN), leading to reduced heart rate without affecting contractility or relaxation.

Ivabradine's antianginal effects are achieved by reducing heart rate, which reduces oxygen demand and improves the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand.

A group of medications that block the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline, reducing heart rate and blood pressure.

A group of medications that block calcium channels in the heart and blood vessels, leading to relaxation and widening of blood vessels.

A type of CCB that primarily affects blood vessels, leading to relaxation and widening of arteries.

A type of CCB that affects both the heart and blood vessels, leading to relaxation and widening of arteries.

A type of medication that relaxes blood vessels, increasing blood flow and reducing the workload on the heart.

A medication that acts as a potassium channel activator and nitric oxide donor, relaxing blood vessels.

A medication that inhibits the 'If' current in the heart, slowing the heart rate.

A medication that inhibits the late sodium current in the heart, reducing heart muscle activity.

The process of reducing the heart's workload by decreasing heart rate and blood pressure.

A procedure that restores blood flow to a blocked coronary artery by using a balloon catheter to widen the artery and often inserting a stent to keep it open.

A surgical procedure that bypasses blocked coronary arteries with grafts from other blood vessels, restoring blood flow to the heart.

A drug therapy used in the treatment of ACS that dissolves blood clots, restoring blood flow to the heart. Example: Alteplase.

A type of treatment used after a heart attack to prevent further damage to the heart. Examples: Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Prasugrel.

A combination of two antiplatelet drugs, often used to prevent blood clots in patients with ACS. Example: Aspirin + Clopidogrel.

A type of medication used to prevent further heart attacks by reducing cholesterol levels. Examples: Atorvastatin, Simvastatin.

A type of medication used to prevent or treat heart failure by inhibiting the production of angiotensin II, a substance that constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure. Examples: Ramipril, Lisinopril.