50 Questions
What may cause varicosities in veins?
Damaged valves due to trauma or chronic venous distention
What is the main cause of chronic venous insufficiency?
Inadequate venous return over a long period
What is the most common cause of superior vena cava syndrome?
Compression of the SVC by tumors
What conditions can lead to Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?
Venous stasis, vein wall damage, hypercoagulable states
What is a significant factor in causing target organ damage in hypertension?
Systolic hypertension
What is the main cause of primary hypertension?
Unknown cause
What is the main cause of secondary hypertension?
Disease or drugs
What is the most significant factor in causing target organ damage in hypertension?
Systolic hypertension
What is the sustained elevation of the systemic arterial blood pressure in hypertension caused by?
Increases in cardiac output or total peripheral resistance, or both
What is the most crucial factor in preventing fatal pulmonary emboli in individuals at risk of DVT?
Prevention and careful assessment
What is the primary cause of unstable angina?
Thrombotic vessel occlusion and vasoconstriction at the site of plaque damage
What is the major difference between subendocardial infarction and transmural infarction?
Depth of myocardial tissue affected
How are acute coronary syndromes assessed?
Measuring serum enzymes and looking for characteristic changes in the ECG
What is the immediate intervention required for individuals with ST-segment elevations on the ECG?
Immediate intervention
What is a characteristic of smaller subendocardial infarctions?
Not associated with ST-segment elevations
What are the most common complications of acute coronary syndromes?
Dysrhythmias, congestive heart failure, and sudden death
What is the recommended management for unstable angina?
Aggressive management with antithrombotic agents
What is the consequence of prolonged coronary blood flow interruption?
Myocyte necrosis
What is the purpose of measuring serum enzymes in acute coronary syndromes?
Assessing myocardial damage
What is the significance of ST-segment elevations on the ECG?
Indicate highest risk for complications and require immediate intervention
What are the risk factors for hypertension?
High sodium intake, low potassium intake, and obesity
What is the primary cause of primary hypertension?
Complex interactions of genetics and the environment mediated by neurohumoral effects
What are the components of the pathogenesis of primary hypertension?
Overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction
What are the clinical manifestations of hypertension primarily a result of?
Damage to organs and tissues outside the vascular system
What are the pharmacological management options for hypertension?
Diuretics, adrenergic blockers, and ACE inhibitors
What is orthostatic hypotension caused by?
Altered compensatory vasoconstriction response due to vasodilation and blood pooling in muscle vasculature
What are the clinical manifestations of orthostatic hypotension?
Fainting and potential falls and significant injury
What is an aneurysm?
A localized dilation of a vessel wall
What is a thrombus?
A clot attached to a vascular wall
What are the most common sources of arterial thrombotic emboli from the heart?
Mitral and aortic valvular disease and atrial fibrillation
Which type of pericarditis is characterized by a collection of fluid within the pericardial sac?
Pericardial effusion
What is the primary characteristic of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Asymmetrical ventricular hypertrophy
What is the result of structurally altered cardiac valves?
Mitral regurgitation
What is the common finding in young women that may progress to mitral regurgitation?
Mitral valve prolapse
What is the primary cause of stenosis or regurgitation of cardiac valves?
Congenital disorders
What is the characteristic feature of dilated cardiomyopathy?
Dilated ventricles
What is the immediate consequence of a large volume of rapidly accumulating pericardial fluid?
Cardiac tamponade
What assists in determining which cardiac valve is abnormal?
All of the above
What is the primary cause of mitral valve prolapse?
Congenital malformation
What is the consequence of severely compromised valve function?
Prosthetic heart valve implantation
Which statement best describes infective endocarditis?
It is a general term for infection and inflammation of the endocardium, especially the cardiac valves.
What is the major cause of right heart failure?
Diffuse hypoxic pulmonary disease
What is the main cause of high output failure?
Anemia
What is the primary cause of dysrhythmias?
Abnormal rate of impulse generation or abnormal conduction of impulses
What is the management approach for left heart failure?
Increasing contractility and reducing preload and afterload
What is the characteristic of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction?
An inability of the heart to generate an adequate cardiac output to perfuse vital tissue
What is the most common cause of decreased contractility?
Myocardial ischemia
What is the major cause of chronic venous insufficiency?
Increased preload
What influences stroke volume?
Contractility, preload, and afterload
What are the neurohumoral mechanisms of congestive heart failure (CHF)?
Abnormalities in the SNS, RAAS, arginine vasopressin, natriuretic peptides, inflammatory cytokines, and myocyte metabolism
Study Notes
Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension: Key Points
- Risk factors for hypertension include positive family history, male gender, advanced age, black race, obesity, high sodium intake, low potassium, calcium, and magnesium intake, diabetes, labile blood pressure, smoking, and heavy alcohol consumption.
- Primary hypertension is a result of complex interactions of genetics and the environment mediated by neurohumoral effects.
- The pathogenesis of primary hypertension includes overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and other neurohumoral mediators, inflammation, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and obesity-related hormonal changes.
- Clinical manifestations of hypertension result from damage to organs and tissues outside the vascular system, including heart disease, renal disease, CNS problems, and retinal changes.
- Pharmacological management of hypertension includes diuretics, adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and Ang II receptor blockers, while nonpharmacologic methods include smoking cessation, dietary modifications, and exercise.
- Orthostatic hypotension is a drop in blood pressure upon standing, caused by altered compensatory vasoconstriction response due to vasodilation and blood pooling in muscle vasculature.
- Clinical manifestations of orthostatic hypotension include fainting and may lead to falls and significant injury.
- An aneurysm is a localized dilation of a vessel wall, particularly susceptible in the aorta.
- A thrombus is a clot attached to a vascular wall, while an embolus is a mobile aggregate occluding the vasculature, sourced from various substances including thrombi, air, amniotic fluid, bacteria, fat, and foreign matter.
- The most common sources of arterial thrombotic emboli from the heart are mitral and aortic valvular disease and atrial fibrillation, affecting lower extremities, brain, and heart.
- Vasospastic disorders include thromboangiitis obliterans and Raynaud disease, involving arterioles of the extremities.
- Atherosclerosis, an inflammatory disease, is the leading cause of coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease, resulting in plaque formation, rupture, thrombosis, vasoconstriction, and inadequate perfusion of distal tissues.
Test your knowledge of cardiovascular disease and hypertension with this quiz. Learn about risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management of hypertension, as well as orthostatic hypotension, aneurysms, thrombosis, embolism, and vasospastic disorders. This quiz covers key points essential for understanding these conditions.
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