Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Hypertension
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a modifiable risk factor for hypertension?

  • Family history of premature CVD (correct)
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Obesity
  • Smoking

    • Age is a modifiable risk factor for hypertension.

    False (B)

    What are two conditions that can lead to hypertension-related target organ damage?

    Stroke and kidney disease

    In order to confirm a diagnosis of hypertension, average BP must be taken from _______ measurements at _______ clinical encounters.

    <p>two; two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following target organs with their corresponding hypertension-related damage:

    <p>Brain = Stroke Heart = Left ventricular hypertrophy Eyes = Retinopathy Kidneys = Chronic kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is considered a modifiable risk factor for hypertension?

    <p>Physical inactivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diabetes mellitus is a relatively fixed risk factor for hypertension.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a hypertension-related damage that can occur in the eyes.

    <p>Retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A family history of premature CVD is defined for men under _____ years and women under _____ years.

    <p>55, 65</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common consequence of chronic hypertension on the heart?

    <p>Heart failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following categories of hypertension-related target organ damage with the associated issue:

    <p>Brain = Stroke Eyes = Retinopathy Heart = Angina Kidneys = Chronic kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age threshold for men to be considered at higher risk for hypertension?

    <p>55 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a relatively fixed risk factor for hypertension?

    <p>Psychosocial stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obstructive sleep apnea is a modifiable risk factor for hypertension.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum eGFR level that defines chronic kidney disease related to hypertension risk?

    <p>60 mL/min/1.73 m²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypertension can increase the risk of _____, particularly in the brain.

    <p>stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hypertension-related target organ damage with the correct corresponding issues:

    <p>Brain = Stroke Eyes = Retinopathy Heart = Myocardial infarction Kidneys = Chronic kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the classification of normal blood pressure?

    <p>120/80 mmHg or lower (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one modifiable risk factor for hypertension.

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following risk factors with their classification:

    <p>Smoking = Modifiable Risk Factor Male Sex = Relatively Fixed Risk Factor Diabetes Mellitus = Modifiable Risk Factor Age &gt; 65 years = Relatively Fixed Risk Factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these conditions is a consequence of hypertension-related target organ damage in the brain?

    <p>Stroke (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for hypertension?

    <p>Age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dyslipidemia refers to having low levels of LDL cholesterol and high levels of HDL cholesterol.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one condition that can result from hypertension-related target organ damage in the heart.

    <p>Heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic kidney disease is defined as having an eGFR lower than ______ mL/min/1.73 m².

    <p>60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obstructive sleep apnea is considered a modifiable risk factor for hypertension.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one condition that can lead to hypertension-related target organ damage in the kidneys.

    <p>Chronic kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following risk factors is NOT regarded as a fixed risk factor for hypertension?

    <p>Dyslipidemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum eGFR level that signifies chronic kidney disease related to hypertension risk?

    <p>60 mL/min/1.73 m²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic kidney disease is considered a modifiable risk factor for hypertension.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a condition that can result from hypertension-related target organ damage in the brain.

    <p>Stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To confirm a diagnosis of hypertension, average BP must be taken from _______ measurements at _______ clinical encounters.

    <p>2, 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physical inactivity is a fixed risk factor for hypertension.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a fixed risk factor for hypertension related to age?

    <p>Family history of premature CVD (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized as hypertension-related target organ damage affecting the kidneys?

    <p>Chronic kidney disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of measuring blood pressure at multiple clinical encounters for diagnosis?

    <p>To establish an average over time for accuracy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following risk factors is associated with an increased likelihood of developing dyslipidemia?

    <p>Obesity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identifying hypertension risk in an individual might involve evaluating which of the following psychosocial factors?

    <p>Psychosocial stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class includes medications that specifically block the action of angiotensin II at the receptor level?

    <p>Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication class is most likely to cause a persistent cough as a side effect?

    <p>ACE inhibitors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following directly inhibits the activity of renin in the renin-angiotensin system?

    <p>Aliskiren (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for thiazide diuretics in managing hypertension?

    <p>Block sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antihypertensive drugs carries a significant risk of causing hyperkalemia?

    <p>ACE inhibitors and ARBs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lifestyle modification is most effective for lowering blood pressure?

    <p>Weight loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most relevant sign of target organ damage due to hypertension in the heart?

    <p>Angina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not a primary goal of treating hypertension?

    <p>Lowering LDL cholesterol levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates a hypertensive emergency from a hypertensive urgency?

    <p>The presence of target organ damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is considered a relatively fixed risk factor for developing hypertension?

    <p>Age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of chronic hypertension on the kidneys?

    <p>Chronic kidney disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic factor is considered a modifiable risk factor linked to hypertension?

    <p>Obstructive sleep apnea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is hypertension classified in terms of blood pressure levels?

    <p>Hypertensive crisis is when BP exceeds 180/120 mm Hg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pharmacologic action of a thiazide diuretic?

    <p>Block sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antihypertensive class is most associated with a persistent cough?

    <p>ACE inhibitors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class includes medications that directly inhibit renin activity?

    <p>Renin inhibitors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the blood pressure goal for most patients with hypertension according to ACC/AHA guidelines?

    <p>130/80 mmHg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperkalemia is a significant adverse effect of which antihypertensive classes?

    <p>ACE inhibitors and ARBs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common reason for hypertensive emergencies related to organ damage?

    <p>Uncontrolled hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is typically classified under hypertension-related target organ damage in the peripheral vasculature?

    <p>Peripheral arterial disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lifestyle modifications would be the least effective in reducing blood pressure?

    <p>Increasing protein intake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following outcomes is most directly related to the primary goal of hypertension treatment?

    <p>Reduction of cardiac event risk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In diagnosing hypertension, which monitoring method is used to confirm the initial diagnosis?

    <p>Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is associated with an increased risk of developing hypertension in women?

    <p>Chronic stress (A), Low socioeconomic status (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical age threshold for men to be considered at higher risk of hypertension?

    <p>55 years and older (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the management of hypertension is correct?

    <p>Weight loss can significantly improve blood pressure control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Modifiable HTN risk factors

    Lifestyle factors that can be changed, such as smoking, diet, and exercise, to reduce the risk of hypertension.

    Hypertension target organ damage

    Damage to organs like the brain, eyes, heart, and kidneys caused by high blood pressure.

    Hypertension diagnosis

    Determining if someone has high blood pressure by taking average measurements of blood pressure across multiple clinical encounters.

    Blood Pressure Classification- Normal

    Average blood pressure value falling within a specific range, indicating optimal health.

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    Evolving Hypertension Risks

    Factors in hypertension's development that are influenced by a range of influences, lifestyle, and conditions.

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    What are some modifiable HTN risk factors?

    Factors that can be changed to reduce the risk of hypertension, including smoking, diabetes, unhealthy cholesterol, obesity, physical inactivity, and poor diet.

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    What is a relatively fixed HTN risk factor?

    Factors that are difficult or impossible to change, such as family history, age, genetics, and chronic kidney disease.

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    HTN diagnosis

    Confirmation of hypertension by taking average blood pressure measurements over multiple clinical encounters, ideally with out-of-office monitoring.

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    Normal Blood Pressure

    Average blood pressure within a specific range, indicating optimal health.

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    What is Evolving Hypertension Risks?

    Factors that contribute to hypertension development, influenced by evolving lifestyle habits and health conditions.

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    Secondhand Smoke

    Inhalation of smoke from another person's cigarette or other tobacco product, which is a modifiable risk factor for hypertension.

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    Relatively Fixed HTN Risk Factors

    Factors that are harder to change, such as family history, age, or having chronic kidney disease.

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    What is Hypertension Diagnosis?

    Doctors diagnose high blood pressure by taking multiple blood pressure readings over time, both in the clinic and at home.

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    Normal BP

    A blood pressure reading that is within a healthy range.

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    What is Out-of-Office BP Monitoring?

    Checking your blood pressure at home or outside the doctor's office to get a more accurate picture of your average blood pressure.

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    How many BP readings are needed for diagnosis?

    Doctors need at least two blood pressure readings taken on two separate clinic visits to diagnose hypertension.

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    HTN Target Organ Damage

    Damage to organs like the brain, eyes, heart, and kidneys caused by high blood pressure.

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    What is HTN Diagnosis?

    Doctors diagnose high blood pressure by taking multiple blood pressure readings over time, both in the clinic and at home.

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    Modifiable Hypertension Risk Factors

    Lifestyle factors that can be changed to reduce the risk of hypertension, including smoking, diabetes, unhealthy cholesterol, obesity, physical inactivity, and poor diet.

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    What are some examples of target organ damage from HTN?

    High blood pressure can damage various organs, including the brain (stroke, dementia), eyes (retinopathy), heart (heart failure, heart attack), kidneys (chronic kidney disease), and blood vessels (peripheral artery disease).

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    What is the key to accurate hypertension diagnosis?

    Diagnosing hypertension requires taking multiple blood pressure measurements over time, ideally both in the clinic and at home, to get a more accurate picture of a person's average blood pressure.

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    How is blood pressure classified?

    Blood pressure is classified based on average readings into categories like normal, elevated, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, and hypertensive crisis.

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    Elevated Blood Pressure

    A blood pressure reading that is higher than normal but not yet considered high blood pressure.

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    Hypertensive Crisis

    A very high blood pressure reading that requires immediate medical attention.

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    What is the key to accurate HTN diagnosis?

    Accurate diagnosis requires multiple blood pressure readings over time, both in the clinic and at home, to get an accurate picture of average blood pressure.

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    What are modifiable HTN risk factors?

    Lifestyle factors you can change to lower your risk of hypertension, like smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, inactivity, and poor diet.

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    What are relatively fixed HTN risk factors?

    Factors that are difficult or impossible to change, such as family history, age, chronic kidney disease, genetics, and male sex.

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    How is HTN diagnosed?

    Requires multiple blood pressure readings taken over time, both in the clinic and at home, to get an accurate picture of your average blood pressure.

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    Target Organ Damage from HTN

    Damage to organs like the brain, heart, kidneys, and blood vessels caused by persistently high blood pressure.

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    What are the classifications of blood pressure?

    Blood pressure is classified into categories based on average readings: Normal, Elevated, Stage 1 HTN, Stage 2 HTN, and Hypertensive Crisis.

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    What are the Blood Pressure Classifications?

    Blood pressure is classified into categories based on average readings: Normal, Elevated, Stage 1 HTN, Stage 2 HTN, and Hypertensive Crisis.

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    What is Hypertensive Emergency?

    A very high blood pressure reading (usually above 180/120 mmHg) that requires immediate medical attention to prevent serious complications.

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    Primary Goal of HTN Treatment

    The primary goal of treating hypertension is to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality by controlling blood pressure levels.

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    Lifestyle Modifications for HTN

    Making changes to your lifestyle, such as losing weight, following the DASH diet, reducing sodium intake, and engaging in regular physical activity, can significantly lower blood pressure.

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    ACE Inhibitors

    A class of medications that block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor. This results in blood vessel dilation and lowered blood pressure.

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    ARBs

    Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers. These medications directly block angiotensin II from binding to its receptors, preventing vasoconstriction and lowering blood pressure.

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    Thiazide Diuretics

    A class of medications that increase urine production by blocking sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to decreased blood volume and lowered blood pressure.

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    Persistent Cough

    A common side effect associated with ACE inhibitors, often a dry and bothersome cough.

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    Hyperkalemia

    An elevated potassium level in the blood, a potential side effect of ACE inhibitors and ARBs.

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    Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

    A class of drugs that block the action of angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor, leading to blood vessel dilation and lower blood pressure.

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    -sartan suffix

    Medications with names ending in '-sartan' belong to the Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) drug class.

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    Primary action of thiazide diuretics

    Thiazide diuretics primarily block sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules of the kidneys.

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    What are some relatively fixed HTN risk factors?

    Factors you can't easily change that contribute to hypertension, such as genetics, family history, age, chronic kidney disease, and male sex.

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    How is hypertension diagnosed?

    Diagnosis requires multiple blood pressure readings taken over time, both in the clinic and at home, to get an accurate picture of your average blood pressure.

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    What is the primary goal of HTN treatment?

    The primary goal is to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality by controlling blood pressure levels.

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    What are some lifestyle modifications to lower blood pressure?

    Making changes to your lifestyle such as losing weight, following the DASH diet, reducing sodium intake, and engaging in regular physical activity, can significantly lower blood pressure.

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    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Hypertension (HTN)

    • Modifiable Risk Factors: Smoking (including passive), diabetes, high LDL/low HDL cholesterol (dyslipidemia), obesity (BMI over 30), lack of physical activity, poor diet.

    • Relatively Fixed Risk Factors: Chronic kidney disease (eGFR under 60 mL/min/1.73 m²), family history of premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) in men under 55 or women under 65, age (men over 55, women over 65), low socioeconomic status, male sex, obstructive sleep apnea, psychosocial stress.

    • Brain: Stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), dementia.

    • Eyes: Retinopathy.

    • Heart: Left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease.

    • Kidneys: Chronic kidney disease.

    • Peripheral Vasculature: Peripheral arterial disease.

    Diagnosis of Hypertension

    • Diagnosis is based on an average blood pressure from at least two measurements taken during at least two clinic visits.

    • Confirm the diagnosis with out-of-office blood pressure monitoring (home blood pressure monitoring or ambulatory blood pressure monitoring).

    Blood Pressure Classification (Partial – Note: "Normal" category omitted)

    • (Note: Definition of "normal" blood pressure category is missing; only the categories are mentioned).

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential information about risk factors associated with hypertension, including modifiable and fixed risks. It also addresses hypertension-related target organ damage and key diagnostic criteria. Test your knowledge of cardiovascular health and hypertension management.

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