Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of deaths is attributed to CAD?

  • 50%
  • 15%
  • 27.5% (correct)
  • 35%

Hypertension is considered a modifiable risk factor for CAD.

True (A)

What is one unmodifiable risk factor for CAD?

age, sex, ethnicity, or family history

CAD is a type of __________ blood vessel disorder.

<p>progressive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a precipitating event that can cause CAD?

<p>Physical exertion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following CAD phases with their focus:

<p>Acute phase = History &amp; physical examination Rehabilitation phase = Activity intolerance management Diagnosis phase = Identify people at risk Management phase = Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is PCI an abbreviation for in the context of managing CAD?

<p>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the goals when treating heart failure?

<p>Maximize cardiac output (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oral hypoglycemic agents are primarily indicated for treating hypertension.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one therapeutic effect of oral hypoglycemic agents?

<p>Lowering blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dipeptidyl-peptidase inhibitors are a classification of _______ that help in managing diabetes.

<p>oral hypoglycemic agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the classification of oral hypoglycemic agents with their characteristics:

<p>Insulin secretagogues = Stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas Biguanides = Decrease liver glucose production Thiazolidinediones = Improve insulin sensitivity Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors = Delay carbohydrate absorption in the intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary health promotion strategy for managing COPD?

<p>Smoking cessation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation in patients with COPD.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can hypercapnia cause in patients?

<p>Headache, memory loss, decreased concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

In COPD management, the __________ scale is used to assess dyspnea severity.

<p>dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the symptoms with their descriptions:

<p>Edema = Swelling due to fluid retention Hypoxia = Low oxygen levels causing fatigue Anorexia = Loss of appetite Hypercapnia = Excess carbon dioxide leading to confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common side effect of corticosteroids?

<p>Weight gain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is not necessary to taper the dose of corticosteroids after treatment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of assessing ADLs in COPD patients?

<p>To evaluate functional status and impact on daily living</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of __________ can indicate severe complications such as pulmonary hypertension in COPD patients.

<p>exacerbations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does high blood pressure (HTN) have on the heart?

<p>Increases heart muscle size (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Starling’s Law states that increased heart stretch has no effect on the force of contraction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from persistent high heart rate that affects the efficiency of the heart's pumping?

<p>Ventricular tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Obesity can lead to increased ________ pressure, impacting heart function.

<p>pulmonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the risk factor with its effect on the heart:

<p>Age = Cardiac muscle hypertrophy Tobacco use = Increased pulmonary pressure Diabetes Mellitus = Insulin resistance Obesity = Increased workload on the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common complication of heart failure?

<p>Ventricular dysfunction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fluid moving from the vascular space to the pulmonary interstitial space is a sign of pulmonary edema.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of excessive diuretic use in heart failure patients?

<p>Renal insufficiency or failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased serum ________ can contribute to cardiovascular disease.

<p>cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the signs of left heart failure?

<p>Pulmonary edema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is primarily prevented and treated by beta2 adrenergic agonists?

<p>Asthma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anticholinergics are contraindicated for patients with a history of glaucoma.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of chronic use of corticosteroids?

<p>Osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of beta2 adrenergic agonists can lead to increased levels of __________ in the body.

<p>blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drug classes with their corresponding side effects:

<p>Beta2 Adrenergic Agonists = Tachycardia, tremor Anticholinergics = Xerostomia, disorientation Xanthines = Nausea, vomiting, hyperglycemia Corticosteroids = Osteoporosis, irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a precaution when using xanthines?

<p>High-carb low-protein diets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All patients with allergies can use corticosteroids without any concerns.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored due to potential cardiovascular side effects of beta2 adrenergic agonists?

<p>Heart rate and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

C/I for anticholinergics includes __________, which can exacerbate the condition.

<p>prostate enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is specifically associated with xanthines?

<p>Extrasystole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A progressive type of blood vessel disorder that can lead to a blockage in arteries, causing a heart attack or stroke.

Hypertension

A major risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) that increases the pressure in the arteries.

Tobacco Use

A major risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) that involves smoking cigarettes or using other tobacco products.

Hyperlipidemia

A major risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) involving high levels of cholesterol in the blood.

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Risk Factor Identification

A group of actions taken to identify people at risk for developing coronary artery disease (CAD).

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Prevention of CAD

A set of procedures to prevent coronary artery disease (CAD)

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Acute Phase Management of CAD

Treating coronary artery disease (CAD) during the acute phase when symptoms first appear.

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Tobacco Consumption Question

A question that attempts to reveal if someone has engaged in smoking within the past 12 months.

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Dyspnea Scale

An assessment tool that helps determine the severity of a patient's shortness of breath, often using a numerical scale or questions about specific activities.

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Functional Assessment

Activities of daily living (ADLs) are basic personal care tasks such as bathing, dressing, and eating. Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) are more complex tasks like managing finances or using transportation.

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COPD Exacerbation

A sudden worsening of respiratory symptoms in a person with COPD, typically characterized by increased cough, shortness of breath, and mucus production.

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Hypercapnia

A measure of carbon dioxide levels in the blood, often used to assess lung function in COPD patients.

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Hypoxia

Low blood oxygen levels, common in COPD patients, leading to symptoms like fatigue, insomnia, depression, and panic.

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Edema

A collection of fluid in the tissues, typically seen in the legs and ankles, a sign of impaired fluid circulation often associated with COPD.

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Ascites

A type of swelling in the abdominal cavity, often associated with fluid buildup, sometimes seen in COPD patients due to poor cardiovascular function.

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Prevent Disease Progression

A major goal in COPD management, aiming to prevent the disease from progressing further.

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Beta2 Adrenergic Agonists

Medication category used to treat bronchospasms, wheezing, and coughing associated with asthma and COPD. They work by activating beta2 receptors which relax smooth muscle in the airways.

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Anticholinergics

Medications that block acetylcholine receptors causing airway relaxation. Used to treat asthma and COPD.

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Xanthines

A medication class that stimulates the CNS, leading to enhanced respiratory drive. Used to treat dyspnea, bronchospasms, and wheezing in conditions like asthma and COPD.

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Corticosteroids

Steroid medications that reduce inflammation in the airways. Used to treat asthma and COPD.

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Tachycardia

A common side effect of beta2 adrenergic agonists, leading to increased heart rate (tachycardia).

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Xerostomia

A side effect of anticholinergics causing dry mouth.

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Osteoporosis

A serious potential side effect of corticosteroids, weakening bone density.

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Dysrhythmias

A possible side effect of xanthines, characterized by irregular heartbeat.

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Vascular Headache

A possible side effect of beta2 adrenergic agonists causing headaches.

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Disorientation

A potential side effect of anticholinergics characterized by confusion and disorientation.

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Cardiac Contractility

The ability of the heart to contract and pump blood effectively. It's influenced by factors like intracellular calcium levels and the sympathetic nervous system.

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Heart Hypertrophy

A condition where the heart muscle thickens due to increased workload, often due to high blood pressure or problems with the aortic valve.

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Aortic Valve Disease

A condition where the aortic valve, the heart valve that controls blood flow from the heart to the aorta, doesn't open properly, making it difficult for blood to leave the heart.

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Increased Heart Rate & Cardiac Output

The increase in heart rate, resulting in more blood being pumped per minute, but if the heart rate increases too much (ventricular tachycardia) it can reduce blood flow to the body.

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Starling's Law

The law describing the relationship between the amount of stretch that a muscle fiber experiences and the force that it can generate. In the heart, increased preload (volume of blood filling the heart) leads to stronger contractions.

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Ventricular Dysfunction

A condition where the heart chambers fail to pump blood efficiently, leading to weak heart function.

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Pleural Effusion

Fluid buildup in the space between the lung and the chest wall. This can be a complication of heart failure.

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Hepatomegaly

A condition where the liver becomes enlarged, often a sign of congestion in the liver due to problems with blood flow.

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How do oral hypoglycemic agents work?

Insulin secretagogues stimulate insulin release from the pancreas, biguanides decrease glucose production by the liver, thiazolidinediones improve insulin sensitivity, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors slow down carbohydrate absorption, and dipeptidyl-peptidase inhibitors enhance insulin release and suppress glucagon secretion.

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What are the indications for oral hypoglycemic agents?

Insulin secretagogues are used for type 2 diabetes, biguanides are used for type 2 diabetes and prediabetes, thiazolidinediones are used for type 2 diabetes, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are used for type 2 diabetes, and dipeptidyl-peptidase inhibitors are used for type 2 diabetes.

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What are the side effects of oral hypoglycemic agents?

These agents can cause hypoglycemia, weight gain, nausea, and other side effects.

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What are the drug interactions of oral hypoglycemic agents?

Interactions can occur with alcohol, other medications, and herbal supplements, potentially increasing or decreasing the effectiveness of the drugs.

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What assessments are necessary for oral hypoglycemic agents?

Before administration: assess blood glucose, kidney function, and liver function. After administration: monitor blood glucose, assess for side effects.

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Study Notes

Test 1

  • Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the second leading cause of death in Canada, affecting 27.5% of all deaths.
  • Minority groups, lower socioeconomic statuses, South Asians, and Indigenous peoples are at higher risk, often due to co-existing conditions like diabetes.
  • Modifiable risk factors for CAD include hypertension, tobacco use, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes.
  • Unmodifiable risk factors for CAD include advanced age, sex, ethnicity, and family history.
  • Health promotion activities for CAD control & prevention include identifying people at risk, screening, lifestyle modifications, and education regarding diet and exercise.
  • Signs and symptoms of CAD, angina, and acute coronary syndrome (STEMI & NSTEMI) vary, but common complaints include chest pressure or pain, radiating pain, shortness of breath, and diaphoresis.
  • Diagnostic tests for CAD include physical examinations, chest X-rays, electrocardiograms (ECG), including Holter monitoring, blood tests (lipid profiles), and coronary angiography.
  • Pharmacological treatments for angina and myocardial infarction (MI) include nitrates, antiplatelets (aspirin), beta-blockers, and ACE inhibitors.
  • Surgical interventions for CAD and MI include percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stenting and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).
  • Common nursing diagnoses for acute and rehabilitation phases after angina or MI include activity intolerance, anxiety, and acute/chronic pain.
  • Acute phase nursing interventions include rest, oxygen administration, and ECG monitoring.
  • Rehabilitation interventions focus on pain & anxiety management and progress in activities of daily living (ADLs), increasing physical activity.

Test 2

  • Anemia is a deficiency in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) or the amount of hemoglobin (Hb), leading to insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues.
  • Different types of anemia include those caused by decreased RBC production, increased RBC destruction, or blood loss.
  • Chronic diseases can cause anemia via inflammatory processes, malnutrition, or decreased erythropoietin production.
  • Diagnostic measures for different types of anemia include blood tests (CBC, iron studies, B12, folate), bone marrow biopsy, and special tests for detecting abnormal or premature red blood cell destruction.
  • Nursing assessments and management for anemia focus on identifying the underlying cause, providing appropriate nutrition, and managing symptoms.
  • Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is distinct from other anemias in its etiology (lack of iron absorption or loss), incidence (common), signs (fatigue, pallor), and treatment strategies (iron supplementation, diet changes).

Test 3

  • Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly prevalent and sometimes airborne infectious respiratory disease, caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
  • Risk factors for TB include living in overcrowded conditions, poor sanitation, malnutrition, immune deficiencies, and contact with infected individuals (especially via aerosol droplets).
  • COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) is caused by SARS-CoV-2,
  • Influenza is a viral respiratory tract infection caused by influenza viruses A & B, mainly affecting the upper and lower respiratory system.
  • Risk factors for influenza include age, underlying health conditions, and close contact with infected persons.

Additional

  • Various types of shock (hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic) exist and are characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion, resulting in cellular dysfunction and potential organ damage.
  • Clinical manifestations of shock include decreased blood pressure, rapid heart rate, altered mental status, and abnormal body temperature.
  • Sepsis is a life-threatening condition associated with severe systemic inflammation resulting from an infection.
  • Appropriate supportive care and prevention measures are necessary for all respiratory illnesses and infections.

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Semester 3 Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on cardiovascular diseases like CAD and respiratory conditions such as COPD. This quiz covers risk factors, management strategies, and relevant treatments. Challenge yourself with questions about heart failure, diabetes management, and more.

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