Cardiology Pharmacology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of drug is typically used for maintenance therapy of heart failure?

  • Alpha-Beta Blockers
  • Human B-Type Natriuretic Peptides
  • Cardiac Glycosides (correct)
  • Positive Inotropes

What is a common side effect of both Alpha and Beta Blockers?

  • Nausea
  • Apnea
  • Drowsiness (correct)
  • Hypertension

Which type of drug is commonly used for patients who cannot take ACE inhibitors?

  • Cardiac Glycosides
  • Central-Acting Adrenergic Agents
  • Direct Vasodilators (correct)
  • Alpha-Beta Blockers

What is the mechanism of action of Human B-Type Natriuretic Peptides?

<p>Eliminates excess sodium and water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these drugs is classified as a Central-Acting Adrenergic Agent?

<p>Clonidine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using Potassium & Magnesium supplements in heart failure patients?

<p>To help maintain regular heart rhythm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug acts by blocking the effects of norepinephrine on the heart?

<p>Alpha-Beta Blockers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these drugs is known to cause Stevens-Johnson Syndrome as a severe adverse effect?

<p>Hydralazine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of Class IA Sodium Channel Blockers?

<p>Hypotension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these drugs is specifically used to treat bradycardia?

<p>Atropine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Positive Inotropes in heart failure?

<p>Increase contractility and cardiac output (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these drugs is considered a direct acting vasodilator?

<p>Hydralazine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug is most likely to cause a prolonged QT interval and Torsades de Pointes?

<p>Class IA Sodium Channel Blockers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications can be safely used during pregnancy?

<p>Hydralazine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug is often used in combination with beta blockers for more effective heart failure management?

<p>Cardiac Glycosides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common ending for most non-cardioselective Beta Blockers?

<p>-olol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a side effect of Bile Acid Sequestrants?

<p>Angioedema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for Bile Acid Sequestrants?

<p>Binding to bile acids in the gut and preventing their reabsorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Ezetimibe in cholesterol management?

<p>It inhibits the absorption of cholesterol from the small intestine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect of Bile Acid Sequestrants?

<p>Decreased absorption of Vitamin K, which can lead to bleeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the administration of Bile Acid Sequestrants?

<p>They should be taken with at least 12 to 16 oz of water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential interaction between Bile Acid Sequestrants and other medications?

<p>They may decrease the absorption of certain vitamins, including Vitamin K (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect of Ezetimibe?

<p>Angioedema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is a Class 4 Calcium Channel Blocker?

<p>Diltiazem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of administering a Bile Acid Sequestrant?

<p>Preventing the reabsorption of bile acids in the gut (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for Adenosine?

<p>Slows conduction through the AV node and decreases heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Colestipol affect the absorption of Vitamin K?

<p>It decreases the absorption of Vitamin K (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the liver in cholesterol metabolism?

<p>The liver synthesizes cholesterol and is also responsible for its removal from the bloodstream (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is commonly used for treating ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation?

<p>Ibutilide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for using Magnesium Sulfate?

<p>Preventing the return of Torsades de Pointes after defibrillation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adverse effects is commonly associated with Statins?

<p>Rhabdomyolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is specifically mentioned as having a similar mechanism of action to Calcium Channel Blockers?

<p>Adenosine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used for preventing the return of Torsades de Pointes after defibrillation?

<p>Magnesium Sulfate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is mentioned as having a half-life that is very short?

<p>Adenosine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is contraindicated in patients with heart block ?

<p>Adenosine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of medication is commonly prescribed for hyperlipidemia?

<p>Statins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common adverse effect associated with Statins that involves muscle breakdown?

<p>Rhabdomyolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used to convert atrial fibrillation/flutter to a normal sinus rhythm?

<p>Ibutilide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug's mechanism of action involves decreasing heart rate?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential side effects associated with Ibutilide?

<p>Upset Stomach, Gas, and Constipation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug can be administered as a rapid IV bolus?

<p>Adenosine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is most often prescribed for hyperlipidemia?

<p>Statins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of taking Fibrates?

<p>Increased creatinine levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications can interact with Fibrates, potentially leading to higher blood levels?

<p>Warfarin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of medication directly blocks the action of thrombin?

<p>Thrombin Inhibitors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do Thrombin Inhibitors have on clotting time?

<p>Increase clotting time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these agents is commonly used to treat high cholesterol, but also can lead to rhabdomyolysis?

<p>Statins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for Clotting Factor Synthesis Inhibitors, such as warfarin?

<p>Interfering with vitamin K synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect associated with the use of Antiplatelet Drugs, such as aspirin?

<p>Bleeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of medication is specifically used to dissolve existing blood clots?

<p>Thrombolytic Drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class is commonly used to treat high cholesterol and works by inhibiting the absorption of cholesterol in the body?

<p>Absorption Inhibitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential side effect of Nicotinic Acid Agents?

<p>Gout (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class is known to be effective for pregnant women?

<p>Thrombin Inhibitors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medications stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells or platelets?

<p>Colony-Stimulating Agents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class is frequently associated with stomach upset and diarrhea?

<p>Fibrates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Taking which of these medications with grapefruit can reduce its effectiveness?

<p>Fibrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these medications is commonly used to prevent blood clots, but can increase the risk of skin necrosis?

<p>Warfarin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does INR stand for, and what is it used to monitor?

<p>International Normalized Ratio, used to monitor the effectiveness of warfarin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diuretic causes a patient to lose more Na+, K+, and water in urine, and is most powerful given its ability to affect sodium pumps in the Loop of Henle?

<p>Loop diuretics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors?

<p>Persistent dry cough (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a side effect of Thiazide diuretics?

<p>Ototoxicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs ends in "sartan?"

<p>Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a side effect associated with Potassium Sparing diuretics?

<p>Photosensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect caused by a drug allergy?

<p>Angioedema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these medications is a Beta blocker?

<p>Metoprolol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a typical adverse effect of high-ceiling diuretics?

<p>Stevens-Johnson syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these drug classes is most likely to cause fluid and electrolyte imbalances?

<p>Loop diuretics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is TRUE regarding the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?

<p>ACE inhibitors block the production of angiotensin II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Loop diuretics

Powerful diuretics that inhibit Na+ pumps in the Loop of Henle, increasing Na+, K+, and water excretion.

Examples of Loop diuretics

Common examples include Furosemide, which can cause side effects like photosensitivity and ototoxicity.

Thiazide diuretics

Diuretics that slow down salt pumps in distal nephron tubes, reducing blood volume and pressure.

Examples of Thiazide diuretics

Chlorothiazide, Hydrochlorothiazide, and Metolazone are common examples.

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Potassium-sparing diuretics

Diuretics that allow K+ levels to stay normal while promoting Na+ and water excretion.

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Examples of Potassium-sparing diuretics

Spironolactone, Triamterene, and Amiloride are common examples.

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ACE Inhibitors

Medications that block angiotensin II production, relaxing blood vessels and reducing BP.

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Adverse effects of ACE Inhibitors

Common adverse effects include persistent dry cough and angioedema.

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ARBs (Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers)

Block the effects of angiotensin II, promoting vasodilation and sodium excretion.

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Calcium Channel Blockers

Prevent calcium from entering muscle cells, decreasing heart contraction strength and relaxing arteries.

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Bile Acid Sequestrants

Medications that lower blood lipid levels by binding bile acids in the intestines.

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Mechanism of Action

The way a medication produces its effects, like lowering cholesterol levels.

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Examples

Common bile acid sequestrants include Colestipol and Ezetimibe.

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Side Effects

Unwanted effects of bile acid sequestrants, often gastrointestinal discomfort like constipation.

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Patient Instructions

Patients should take medications with ample water to help digestion.

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Cholesterol Reduction

Bile acid sequestrants reduce cholesterol levels by promoting its elimination.

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Vitamin K Absorption

Bile acid sequestrants can decrease the absorption of Vitamin K, important for blood clotting.

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Interaction with Warfarin

Bile acid sequestrants affect anticoagulant action, increasing bleeding risk by binding Vitamin K.

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Cholesterol Esterol Elimination

The process by which bile acid sequestrants remove cholesterol from the body.

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GI Discomfort

Gastrointestinal side effects caused by medications, including bloating and cramping.

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Beta Blockers

Medications that decrease heart rate and force of contraction.

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Alpha Blockers

Drugs that lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels.

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Digoxin

A cardiac glycoside that increases the strength of heart contractions.

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Direct Vasodilators

Drugs that directly relax blood vessel muscles.

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Natriuretic Peptides

Hormones that promote sodium and water excretion.

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Positive Inotropes

Medications that increase heart muscle contractility.

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Atropine

A medication that blocks vagal effects to increase heart rate.

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Sodium Channel Blockers

Medications that inhibit sodium movement across cell membranes.

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Class IA Sodium Channel Blockers

Drugs that moderate sodium entry, treating arrhythmias.

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Class IB Sodium Channel Blockers

Drugs that decrease automaticity and stabilize heart rhythm.

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Class IC Sodium Channel Blockers

Drugs that significantly block sodium channels, effective for serious arrhythmias.

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Class III Potassium Channel Blockers

Drugs that prolong repolarization in cardiac muscle.

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Adverse Effects

Unintended responses from medications.

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Electrolyte Imbalance

Disruption in normal levels of electrolytes in the body.

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CNS Stimulants

Agents that increase central nervous system activity.

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Absorption Inhibitor

A drug that reduces the body's absorption of cholesterol from the intestine.

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Zetia

A medication primarily used to lower cholesterol levels by inhibiting cholesterol absorption.

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LDL

Low-density lipoprotein, known as 'bad' cholesterol that can lead to heart disease.

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Fibrates

Drugs that activate cell lipid receptors, decreasing triglycerides and increasing HDL.

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HDL

High-density lipoprotein, often called 'good' cholesterol.

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Nicotinic Acids

Agents like Niacin that lower triglycerides and LDL while raising HDL levels.

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Thrombin Inhibitors

Medications that block the action of thrombin, preventing blood clotting.

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Warfarin

A medication that inhibits the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.

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Clotting Time

The duration required for blood to clot after an injury.

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Aspirin

An antiplatelet drug that prevents clots by blocking platelet aggregation.

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Thrombolytic Drugs

Medications that dissolve existing blood clots, used in emergencies like heart attacks and strokes.

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Colony-Stimulating Agents

Drugs that stimulate bone marrow to produce more blood cells or platelets.

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Creatinine Levels

A measurement used to evaluate kidney function, can be affected by fibrates.

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Lipid Receptors

Cell structures that bind to lipids and regulate their metabolism, targeted by fibrates.

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Increased Excretion

When cholesterol is eliminated from the body more efficiently, often due to medication.

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Class 4 Calcium Channel Blockers

Medications like diltiazem and verapamil used to treat supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) by slowing heart rate.

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Ventricular Tachycardia

A fast heart rhythm originating from the ventricles, potentially life-threatening.

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Adenosine

A medication administered intravenously to treat supraventricular tachycardia (SVT).

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Calcium Channel Mechanism

Adenosine affects calcium channels, slowing down impulse transmission in the heart.

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Heart Rate (HR) Decrease

A reduction in heart rate, often the goal of using calcium channel blockers.

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Magnesium Sulfate

Used intravenously to prevent torsades de pointes and stabilize cardiac function.

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SVT Treatment

Adenosine IV is typically the first-line treatment for supraventricular tachycardia.

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Diltiazem

A common medication under Class 4 calcium channel blockers for treating tachycardia.

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Verapamil

Another Class 4 calcium channel blocker used for similar cardiac conditions.

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Statins

Medications prescribed to lower cholesterol levels in the blood.

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Rhabdomyolysis

A potential side effect of statins involving muscle breakdown.

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HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

The class of drugs that statins belong to, they inhibit cholesterol production.

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Statin Side Effects

Common side effects of statins include upset stomach and muscle soreness.

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Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)

A rapid heart rhythm that originates above the ventricles.

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Study Notes

Diuretics

  • Loop diuretics (e.g., Furosemide) are potent diuretics that inhibit Na+ pumps in the Loop of Henle. They cause loss of Na+, K+, and water, along with Ca++. Side effects include ototoxicity (hearing loss), hyperglycemia, and photosensitivity (wear sunscreen). Avoid during pregnancy.

  • Thiazide diuretics (e.g., Chlorothiazide, Hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone) inhibit salt pumps in nephron tubes. They reduce blood volume and blood pressure, but can cause fluid and electrolyte imbalances, especially postural hypotension. Avoid during pregnancy.

  • Potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g., Spironolactone, Triamterene, amiloride) reduce blood volume and blood pressure and maintain serum K+ levels. However, they can cause hyperkalemia. Spironolactone should be avoided during pregnancy.

ACE Inhibitors

  • ACE inhibitors (e.g., Lisinopril, enalapril) block the production of angiotensin II, relax blood vessels, and decrease water retention. Side effects include persistent dry cough and angioedema. Avoid salt substitutes. End in "-pril."

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

  • ARBs (e.g., Valsartan, Losartan) block the effects of angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation and reduced sodium and water retention. Side effects include angioedema. End in "-sartan."

Calcium Channel Blockers

  • Class 2 Beta Blockers (e.g., Amlodipine, Verapamil): Block calcium from entering muscle cells, decreasing the strength of heart contractions and dilating arteries. Side effects include hypotension, dizziness, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome .

  • Class 2 Beta Blockers (e.g., Metoprolol, Atenolol, acebutolol) block the effects of epinephrine, decrease heart rate and force of contraction, slow SA node firing. Side effects include depression. End in "-olol."

Alpha Blockers

  • Alpha blockers (e.g., medications ending in "-zosin") block norepinephrine, promoting artery relaxation and dilation. Side effects are; dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, headache, and nervousness.

Alpha-Beta Blockers

  • Alpha-beta blockers (e.g., Carvedilol, Labetalol) relax blood vessels and lower heart rate/decrease force of contraction. These can cause side effects similar to beta-blockers.

Central-Acting Adrenergic Agents

  • Central-acting adrenergic agents (e.g., Clonidine, Methyldopa) stimulate CNS receptors to decrease blood vessel constriction. Side effects include; drowsiness,thargy, dry mouth, and nasal congestion.

Direct Vasodilators

  • Direct vasodilators (e.g., Hydralazine) dilate peripheral arteries, lowering blood pressure. Side effects include tachycardia and hypernatremia.

Cardiac Glycosides (Digoxin)

  • Cardiac glycosides (e.g., Digoxin) slow heart rate, strengthen heartbeat, and improve cardiac output by blocking electrical impulses passing through the AV node to the ventricles. Side effects include toxicity, fatigue, bradycardia, anorexia, nausea.

Human B-type Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)

  • These peptides eliminate excess sodium and water, increase urine output, and lower blood pressure. Side effects include hypotension, apnea, and dizziness.

Inotropes (heart pump drugs)

  • These drugs increase heart contractility and cardiac output. Side effects include hypertension, increased heart rate and premature ventricular contraction.

Potassium and Magnesium

  • Potassium is essential for healthy nervous systems and a regular heart rhythm. Magnesium helps keep the heart rhythm steady.
  • Side effects include; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort.

Atropine for Bradyarrhythmias

  • Atropine slows heart rate. Side effects include blurred vision, tachycardia, and urinary hesitancy, among others.

Class I, II, III, IV Sodium Channel Blockers

  • These drugs inhibit sodium movement across cell membranes, slow conduction of electrical impulses, and decrease heart rate and excitability.
  • Side effects include hypotension, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, nausea, confusion, dizziness; cardiac arrest, dysrhythmias, pulmonary fibrosis.

Class 3 Potassium Channel Blockers

  • These drugs block potassium channels, lengthening the action potential and treating life-threatening ventricular tachycardias/fibrillation. Side effects include; dysrhythmias, pulmonary fibrosis, altered taste, and constipation.

Class 4 Calcium Channel Blockers

  • These drugs treat supraventricular tachycardia, slow conduction through the SA and AV nodes and decrease heart rate. Side effects are; facial flushing, shortness of breath, and transient dysrhythmias.

Magnesium Sulfate

  • Magnesium sulfate reduces heart excitability, and prevents torsade de pointes from returning after defibrillation. It treats ventricular dysrhythmias. Side effects include diarrhea.

Statins

  • Statins (e.g., Atorvastatin, Lovastatin, Fluvastatin) inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol production. Side effects include; upset stomach; gas, constipation and cramps.

Bile Acid Sequestrants

  • Bile acid sequestrants (e.g., Colestipol) bind bile acids, causing cholesterol elimination through stool. This can cause Gl discomfort and constipation, among other issues.

Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors

  • Inhibitors (e.g., Ezetimibe) reduce cholesterol absorption by the body, and are often taken with other drugs like statins to enhance their cholesterol lowering effects.

Fibrates

  • This drug family (e.g., Fenofibrate, Gemfibrozil) affects active cells (lipid receptors) and reduces the production of triglycerides, while increasing the use of lipids by fatty tissues. Side effects can include; stomach upset, diarrhea, heart burn, muscle weakness and increased/elevated creatinine levels.

Nicotinic Acid Agents (Niacin)

  • These drugs increase cholesterol excretion. Side effects include; Gl symptoms and gout.

Thrombin Inhibitors

  • Drugs that block thrombin action directly or indirectly (e.g., Heparin)

  • Increase clotting time but decrease clot formation. Side effects include bleeding.

Clotting Factor Synthesis Inhibitors (e.g., Warfarin)

  • Interferes with vitamin K synthesis and decrease clot formation. Side effects are hemorrhage, skin necrosis and increased risk of bleeding.

Antiplatelet Drugs

  • Block platelet aggregation, prevent blood clots. Examples include aspirin, and side effects include tinnitus, salicylate poisoning, rhabdomyolysis.

Thrombolytic Drugs

  • Dissolve existing clots; used for heart attacks, strokes, and embolisms.

  • Examples include drugs that stimulate bone marrow.

Colony-Stimulating Agents

  • Stimulate bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells or platelets- improve ability to clot. These are useful in conditions causing low blood cell counts. Used in kidney failure or chemo.

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Description

Test your knowledge on cardiology pharmacology with this quiz focused on drugs used for heart failure, their mechanisms, and side effects. Covering topics such as adrenergic agents, inotropes, and drug interactions, this quiz is essential for medical students and healthcare professionals alike.

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