Questions and Answers
Which term refers to the surgical removal of a portion of the heart muscle?
Myectomy
What is the term for the condition characterized by an abnormal enlargement of the heart?
Cardiomegaly
Which term describes a condition where the heart valves do not close properly, leading to backward flow of blood?
Regurgitation
What is the term for the inflammation of the pericardium, the membrane surrounding the heart?
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What term is used to describe a condition where a blood clot forms and causes inflammation in a vein?
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Which term refers to a condition characterized by small, red or purple spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin?
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Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of mitral stenosis?
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What is the most common cause of valvular damage?
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How can rheumatic heart disease and valvular damage be prevented?
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Which of the following is a sign or symptom of rheumatic fever?
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What occurs in mitral insufficiency?
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What is the primary function of chordae tendineae and papillary muscles in the heart?
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What are the common causes of mitral regurgitation?
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What symptoms may occur in patients with mitral regurgitation?
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What may result from acute mitral regurgitation, such as in papillary muscle rupture following MI?
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What compensatory mechanism does the left ventricle use in chronic aortic stenosis?
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What risk is associated with a damaged mitral valve in mitral regurgitation?
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What may be seen in the ECG of a patient with mitral regurgitation?
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Which diagnostic tests are commonly used for mitral valve prolapse?
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What are priority nursing diagnoses for mitral stenosis?
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What are symptoms of aortic regurgitation?
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What can cause mitral valve prolapse?
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What are complications of mitral valve prolapse?
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What are therapeutic measures for mitral valve prolapse?
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Which diagnostic test is not typically used for mitral stenosis?
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What is the major cause of mitral stenosis?
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Which therapeutic measure is not used for mitral regurgitation?
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What are the symptoms of mitral stenosis?
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What are the diagnostic tests for mitral regurgitation?
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What is the primary complication of mitral regurgitation?
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What is the term for the surgical repair of a heart valve?
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Which term describes a condition characterized by abnormal enlargement of the heart?
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What is the term for a condition where the heart valves do not close properly, leading to backward flow of blood?
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What term refers to the condition characterized by small, red or purple spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin?
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What is the term for the inflammation of the pericardium, the membrane surrounding the heart?
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What term describes a condition where a blood clot forms and causes inflammation in a vein?
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Which of the following is a cause of mitral regurgitation?
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What is a potential consequence of acute mitral regurgitation?
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What is a common symptom of mitral stenosis?
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What is a potential complication of mitral regurgitation?
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What diagnostic test confirms hypertrophy of the affected heart chambers in mitral stenosis?
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What compensatory mechanism occurs in chronic aortic stenosis?
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Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of mitral stenosis?
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What compensatory mechanism does the left ventricle use in chronic aortic stenosis?
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What are priority nursing diagnoses for infective endocarditis?
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What is the primary complication of myocarditis?
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What term refers to a condition where a blood clot forms and causes inflammation in a vein?
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What may be seen in the ECG of a patient with mitral regurgitation?
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Which diagnostic test is typically used for mitral valve prolapse?
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What is a possible cause of mitral valve prolapse?
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Which symptom is associated with mitral stenosis?
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What is a potential complication of mitral valve prolapse?
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What is a therapeutic measure for mitral valve prolapse?
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Which complication can result from aortic stenosis?
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Which diagnostic test is not typically used for mitral stenosis?
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What is the primary cause of mitral regurgitation?
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What is the major complication of mitral regurgitation?
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What is a therapeutic measure specifically mentioned for mitral stenosis?
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What are the symptoms of mitral stenosis?
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What is a complication of mitral valve prolapse mentioned in the text?
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Which term refers to the surgical removal of a portion of the pericardium?
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What is the term for a condition characterized by abnormal enlargement of the heart?
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What is the primary cause of infective endocarditis?
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What is the term for a condition where the heart valves do not close properly, leading to backward flow of blood?
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Which term refers to the condition characterized by small, red or purple spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin?
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What is the term for the inflammation of the pericardium, the membrane surrounding the heart?
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Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of mitral stenosis?
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What is the primary cause of mitral regurgitation?
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What is a potential complication of aortic stenosis?
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What are the diagnostic tests for mitral regurgitation?
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What is the primary complication of infective endocarditis?
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What is the compensatory mechanism that occurs in chronic aortic stenosis?
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Which diagnostic test is commonly used for mitral valve prolapse?
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What is a potential cause of mitral valve prolapse?
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What is a priority nursing diagnosis for mitral stenosis?
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Which symptom may be associated with aortic regurgitation?
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What are complications of mitral valve prolapse?
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What therapeutic measure can be used for mitral valve prolapse?
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Which diagnostic test is typically used to confirm left atrial enlargement in mitral stenosis?
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What is the primary cause of mitral regurgitation?
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What is the major complication of acute mitral regurgitation, such as in papillary muscle rupture following MI?
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What is the term for the condition characterized by small, red or purple spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin?
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Which therapeutic measure is specifically mentioned for mitral stenosis?
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What compensatory mechanism does the left ventricle use in chronic aortic stenosis?
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Which diagnostic test is typically used for mitral stenosis?
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What is the major cause of mitral stenosis?
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What are the complications of mitral regurgitation?
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What therapeutic measure is specifically mentioned for mitral stenosis?
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What is the primary complication of mitral regurgitation?
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What occurs in mitral insufficiency?
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Which diagnostic test is typically used to confirm left atrial enlargement in mitral stenosis?
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What is the primary cause of infective endocarditis?
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What compensatory mechanism occurs in chronic aortic stenosis?
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What is the term for the condition characterized by small, red or purple spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin?
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What are priority nursing diagnoses for infective endocarditis?
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What is a potential complication of mitral valve prolapse?
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Which of the following is a potential cause of mitral regurgitation?
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What is a potential complication of aortic stenosis?
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What is a potential risk associated with a damaged mitral valve in mitral regurgitation?
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What compensatory mechanism does the left ventricle use in chronic aortic stenosis?
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What diagnostic test shows enlargement of the left atrium and left ventricle in mitral regurgitation?
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What may result from acute mitral regurgitation, such as in papillary muscle rupture following MI?
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Which of the following is a potential complication of commissurotomy?
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In annuloplasty, the main focus is on repairing the:
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Which of the following is a potential postoperative complication of mechanical valve replacement?
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What is a characteristic sign of infective endocarditis?
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Which diagnostic test is commonly used for the assessment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
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What is a key risk factor for the development of thrombophlebitis?
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Which diagnostic test is typically used to confirm left atrial enlargement in mitral stenosis?
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What is a potential consequence of acute mitral regurgitation?
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What therapeutic measure can be used for mitral valve prolapse?
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What are the complications of mitral regurgitation?
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Which of the following is a potential cause of mitral valve prolapse?
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What is the primary cause of mitral stenosis?
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What are priority nursing diagnoses for mitral stenosis?
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What are potential complications of mitral valve prolapse?
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Which therapeutic measure is specifically mentioned for mitral stenosis?
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What symptoms can aortic regurgitation present with?
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What are the diagnostic tests for valve disorders mentioned in the text?
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What therapeutic measures are mentioned for mitral valve prolapse?
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Mitral valve replacement with a mechanical valve is the preferred treatment for mitral regurgitation.
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Aortic stenosis leads to left ventricular hypertrophy to maintain normal cardiac output.
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Pulmonary edema and shock symptoms may occur in acute mitral regurgitation, such as in papillary muscle rupture following MI.
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Atrial fibrillation may develop from the enlargement of the left ventricle.
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Endocarditis is a risk due to the damaged valve in mitral regurgitation.
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Two-dimensional echocardiography with Doppler or transesophageal echocardiography shows right atrial enlargement.
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The ECG may show atrial flutter or fibrillation in aortic stenosis.
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A chest x-ray examination confirms hypertrophy of the affected heart chambers in mitral stenosis.
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Symptoms of heart failure are not treated with specific therapies.
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Digitalis, calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers are used for emboli prevention in atrial fibrillation.
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Study Notes
Cardiac Valvular Disorders: Diagnostic Tests and Therapeutic Measures
- Diagnostic tests for cardiac valvular disorders include history and physical examination, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray examination, echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization.
- Therapeutic measures for cardiac valvular disorders include rheumatic fever prophylaxis, prophylactic antibiotic therapy, anticoagulant therapy, medication therapy, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, and various surgical procedures.
- Mitral stenosis results from the thickening of the mitral valve flaps and shortening of the chordae tendineae, causing narrowing of the mitral valve opening.
- The major cause of mitral stenosis is rheumatic fever, and symptoms may take two to four decades to appear after the illness.
- Mitral stenosis is still a problem in underdeveloped areas where rheumatic fever occurs, and less common causes include congenital defects, tumors, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and calcium deposits.
- Symptoms of mitral stenosis may include a click or low-pitched murmur, pulmonary symptoms, fatigue, intolerance to activity, dizziness, syncope, edema of ankles and feet, palpitations, and chest pain.
- Diagnostic tests for mitral stenosis include echocardiography, chest x-ray examination, computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cardiac catheterization if needed.
- Therapeutic measures for mitral stenosis include monitoring, anticoagulants, treatment for atrial fibrillation, medications for heart failure (HF), percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, and surgical treatment such as valvuloplasty or valve replacement.
- Mitral regurgitation is the incomplete closure of the mitral valve leaflets, causing backflow of blood into the left atrium with each contraction of the left ventricle.
- Complications of mitral regurgitation include emboli formation, symptoms related to heart failure, and pulmonary edema.
- Diagnostic tests for mitral regurgitation include history and physical examination, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray examination, echocardiography, cardiac MRI, and cardiac catheterization.
- Therapeutic measures for mitral regurgitation include mechanical mitral valve replacement and the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to reduce afterload.
Cardiac Valvular Disorders: Diagnostic Tests and Therapeutic Measures
- Diagnostic tests for cardiac valvular disorders include history and physical examination, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray examination, echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization.
- Therapeutic measures for cardiac valvular disorders include rheumatic fever prophylaxis, prophylactic antibiotic therapy, anticoagulant therapy, medication therapy, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, and various surgical procedures.
- Mitral stenosis results from the thickening of the mitral valve flaps and shortening of the chordae tendineae, causing narrowing of the mitral valve opening.
- The major cause of mitral stenosis is rheumatic fever, and symptoms may take two to four decades to appear after the illness.
- Mitral stenosis is still a problem in underdeveloped areas where rheumatic fever occurs, and less common causes include congenital defects, tumors, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and calcium deposits.
- Symptoms of mitral stenosis may include a click or low-pitched murmur, pulmonary symptoms, fatigue, intolerance to activity, dizziness, syncope, edema of ankles and feet, palpitations, and chest pain.
- Diagnostic tests for mitral stenosis include echocardiography, chest x-ray examination, computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cardiac catheterization if needed.
- Therapeutic measures for mitral stenosis include monitoring, anticoagulants, treatment for atrial fibrillation, medications for heart failure (HF), percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, and surgical treatment such as valvuloplasty or valve replacement.
- Mitral regurgitation is the incomplete closure of the mitral valve leaflets, causing backflow of blood into the left atrium with each contraction of the left ventricle.
- Complications of mitral regurgitation include emboli formation, symptoms related to heart failure, and pulmonary edema.
- Diagnostic tests for mitral regurgitation include history and physical examination, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray examination, echocardiography, cardiac MRI, and cardiac catheterization.
- Therapeutic measures for mitral regurgitation include mechanical mitral valve replacement and the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to reduce afterload.
Cardiac Valvular Disorders: Diagnostic Tests and Therapeutic Measures
- Diagnostic tests for cardiac valvular disorders include history and physical examination, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray examination, echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization.
- Therapeutic measures for cardiac valvular disorders include rheumatic fever prophylaxis, prophylactic antibiotic therapy, anticoagulant therapy, medication therapy, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, and various surgical procedures.
- Mitral stenosis results from the thickening of the mitral valve flaps and shortening of the chordae tendineae, causing narrowing of the mitral valve opening.
- The major cause of mitral stenosis is rheumatic fever, and symptoms may take two to four decades to appear after the illness.
- Mitral stenosis is still a problem in underdeveloped areas where rheumatic fever occurs, and less common causes include congenital defects, tumors, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and calcium deposits.
- Symptoms of mitral stenosis may include a click or low-pitched murmur, pulmonary symptoms, fatigue, intolerance to activity, dizziness, syncope, edema of ankles and feet, palpitations, and chest pain.
- Diagnostic tests for mitral stenosis include echocardiography, chest x-ray examination, computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cardiac catheterization if needed.
- Therapeutic measures for mitral stenosis include monitoring, anticoagulants, treatment for atrial fibrillation, medications for heart failure (HF), percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, and surgical treatment such as valvuloplasty or valve replacement.
- Mitral regurgitation is the incomplete closure of the mitral valve leaflets, causing backflow of blood into the left atrium with each contraction of the left ventricle.
- Complications of mitral regurgitation include emboli formation, symptoms related to heart failure, and pulmonary edema.
- Diagnostic tests for mitral regurgitation include history and physical examination, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray examination, echocardiography, cardiac MRI, and cardiac catheterization.
- Therapeutic measures for mitral regurgitation include mechanical mitral valve replacement and the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to reduce afterload.
Cardiac Valvular Disorders Summary
- Mitral valve prolapse is a valve disorder that can lead to complications such as emboli and infective endocarditis.
- Diagnostic tests for mitral valve prolapse include echocardiography and cardiac catheterization.
- Therapeutic measures for mitral valve prolapse can include beta blockers and valvuloplasty or valve replacement.
- Priority nursing diagnoses for mitral stenosis include activity intolerance and decreased cardiac output.
- Mitral stenosis can present with symptoms such as chest pain, palpitations, and exertional dyspnea.
- Aortic stenosis can lead to complications such as angina and heart failure and may require valve replacement.
- Aortic regurgitation can present with symptoms such as forceful pulse, chest pain, and exertional dyspnea.
- Diagnostic tests for valve disorders include auscultation for murmurs and echocardiography.
- Mitral valve prolapse can be caused by hereditary collagen tissue disorder, infection, ischemic heart disease, or cardiomyopathy.
- Symptoms of mitral valve prolapse may include atypical chest pain, dysrhythmias, fatigue, and dyspnea.
- Complications of mitral valve prolapse can include mitral regurgitation, dysrhythmias, and heart failure.
- Lifestyle changes, beta blockers, and anticoagulants are among the therapeutic measures for mitral valve prolapse.
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