MS CH 23 Nursing Care of Patients With Valvular Inflammatory Cardiac or Venous Disorders
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Questions and Answers

Which term refers to the surgical removal of a portion of the heart muscle?

  • Myocarditis
  • Myectomy (correct)
  • Cardiomegaly
  • Pericardiectomy

    • What is the term for the condition characterized by an abnormal enlargement of the heart?

  • Pericarditis
  • Cardiomegaly (correct)
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Pericardial effusion

    • Which term describes a condition where the heart valves do not close properly, leading to backward flow of blood?

  • Stenosis
  • Regurgitation (correct)
  • Commissurotomy
  • Valvuloplasty

    • What is the term for the inflammation of the pericardium, the membrane surrounding the heart?

    <p>Pericarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe a condition where a blood clot forms and causes inflammation in a vein?

    <p>Thrombophlebitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a condition characterized by small, red or purple spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin?

    <p>Petechiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of mitral stenosis?

    <p>The mitral valve does not open fully, causing blood to build up in the left atrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of valvular damage?

    <p>Rheumatic fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can rheumatic heart disease and valvular damage be prevented?

    <p>By early detection and treatment of streptococcal infections with penicillin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign or symptom of rheumatic fever?

    <p>Polyarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in mitral insufficiency?

    <p>The mitral valve does not close fully, allowing blood to flow back into the left atrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chordae tendineae and papillary muscles in the heart?

    <p>To ensure that the mitral and tricuspid valves close tightly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common causes of mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Rheumatic heart disease, endocarditis, and myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms may occur in patients with mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Exertional dyspnea, fatigue, and palpitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may result from acute mitral regurgitation, such as in papillary muscle rupture following MI?

    <p>Pulmonary edema and shock symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compensatory mechanism does the left ventricle use in chronic aortic stenosis?

    <p>Hypertrophy to maintain normal cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk is associated with a damaged mitral valve in mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Endocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be seen in the ECG of a patient with mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Enlargement of the left atrium and left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic tests are commonly used for mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Echocardiography and cardiac catheterization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are priority nursing diagnoses for mitral stenosis?

    <p>Activity intolerance and decreased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are symptoms of aortic regurgitation?

    <p>Forceful pulse, chest pain, and exertional dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Hereditary collagen tissue disorder, infection, ischemic heart disease, or cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are complications of mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Mitral regurgitation, dysrhythmias, and heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are therapeutic measures for mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Lifestyle changes, beta blockers, and anticoagulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is not typically used for mitral stenosis?

    <p>Computed tomography (CT) scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major cause of mitral stenosis?

    <p>Rheumatic fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapeutic measure is not used for mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of mitral stenosis?

    <p>Syncope, edema of ankles and feet, and palpitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the diagnostic tests for mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Electrocardiogram, echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the surgical repair of a heart valve?

    <p>Valvuloplasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a condition characterized by abnormal enlargement of the heart?

    <p>Cardiomegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a condition where the heart valves do not close properly, leading to backward flow of blood?

    <p>Regurgitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the condition characterized by small, red or purple spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin?

    <p>Petechiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inflammation of the pericardium, the membrane surrounding the heart?

    <p>Pericarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a condition where a blood clot forms and causes inflammation in a vein?

    <p>Thrombophlebitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Rheumatic heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of acute mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of mitral stenosis?

    <p>Exertional dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Atrial fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic test confirms hypertrophy of the affected heart chambers in mitral stenosis?

    <p>Chest x-ray examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compensatory mechanism occurs in chronic aortic stenosis?

    <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of mitral stenosis?

    <p>Narrowing of the mitral valve prevents complete opening and emptying of the left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compensatory mechanism does the left ventricle use in chronic aortic stenosis?

    <p>Hypertrophy to maintain cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are priority nursing diagnoses for infective endocarditis?

    <p>Risk for injury related to embolization of vegetative lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of myocarditis?

    <p>Arrhythmias and conduction disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to a condition where a blood clot forms and causes inflammation in a vein?

    <p>Thrombophlebitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be seen in the ECG of a patient with mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Left atrial enlargement and atrial fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is typically used for mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Echocardiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible cause of mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Hereditary collagen tissue disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is associated with mitral stenosis?

    <p>Exertional dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Dysrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a therapeutic measure for mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Beta blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication can result from aortic stenosis?

    <p>Angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is not typically used for mitral stenosis?

    <p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Congenital defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major complication of mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a therapeutic measure specifically mentioned for mitral stenosis?

    <p>Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of mitral stenosis?

    <p>Dizziness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of mitral valve prolapse mentioned in the text?

    <p>Embolism formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the surgical removal of a portion of the pericardium?

    <p>Pericardiectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a condition characterized by abnormal enlargement of the heart?

    <p>Cardiomegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of infective endocarditis?

    <p>Beta-hemolytic streptococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a condition where the heart valves do not close properly, leading to backward flow of blood?

    <p>Regurgitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the condition characterized by small, red or purple spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin?

    <p>Petechiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inflammation of the pericardium, the membrane surrounding the heart?

    <p>Pericarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of mitral stenosis?

    <p>Narrowing of the mitral valve, leading to obstruction of blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Incomplete closure of the mitral valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of aortic stenosis?

    <p>Right ventricular hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the diagnostic tests for mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Echocardiogram and cardiac catheterization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of infective endocarditis?

    <p>Systemic embolization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the compensatory mechanism that occurs in chronic aortic stenosis?

    <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is commonly used for mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Electrocardiogram (ECG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential cause of mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Hereditary collagen tissue disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a priority nursing diagnosis for mitral stenosis?

    <p>Activity intolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom may be associated with aortic regurgitation?

    <p>Forceful pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are complications of mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Dysrhythmias and heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapeutic measure can be used for mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Valvuloplasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is typically used to confirm left atrial enlargement in mitral stenosis?

    <p>Two-dimensional echocardiography with Doppler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major complication of acute mitral regurgitation, such as in papillary muscle rupture following MI?

    <p>Pulmonary edema and shock symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition characterized by small, red or purple spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin?

    <p>Petechiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapeutic measure is specifically mentioned for mitral stenosis?

    <p>Mitral valve repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compensatory mechanism does the left ventricle use in chronic aortic stenosis?

    <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is typically used for mitral stenosis?

    <p>Cardiac catheterization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major cause of mitral stenosis?

    <p>Rheumatic fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the complications of mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapeutic measure is specifically mentioned for mitral stenosis?

    <p>Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in mitral insufficiency?

    <p>Backflow of blood into the left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is typically used to confirm left atrial enlargement in mitral stenosis?

    <p>Echocardiogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of infective endocarditis?

    <p>Poor dental hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compensatory mechanism occurs in chronic aortic stenosis?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition characterized by small, red or purple spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin?

    <p>Petechiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are priority nursing diagnoses for infective endocarditis?

    <p>Risk for infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Atrial fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of aortic stenosis?

    <p>Right ventricular hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk associated with a damaged mitral valve in mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Endocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compensatory mechanism does the left ventricle use in chronic aortic stenosis?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic test shows enlargement of the left atrium and left ventricle in mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Echocardiography with Doppler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may result from acute mitral regurgitation, such as in papillary muscle rupture following MI?

    <p>Pulmonary edema and shock symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential complication of commissurotomy?

    <p>Perforation of the valve leaflets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In annuloplasty, the main focus is on repairing the:

    <p>Valve annulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential postoperative complication of mechanical valve replacement?

    <p>Thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic sign of infective endocarditis?

    <p>Janeway lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is commonly used for the assessment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Echocardiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key risk factor for the development of thrombophlebitis?

    <p>Prolonged immobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is typically used to confirm left atrial enlargement in mitral stenosis?

    <p>Electrocardiogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of acute mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Pulmonary symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapeutic measure can be used for mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the complications of mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Hereditary collagen tissue disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of mitral stenosis?

    <p>Rheumatic fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are priority nursing diagnoses for mitral stenosis?

    <p>Activity intolerance and decreased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are potential complications of mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Mitral regurgitation, dysrhythmias, and heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapeutic measure is specifically mentioned for mitral stenosis?

    <p>Anticoagulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms can aortic regurgitation present with?

    <p>Forceful pulse, chest pain, and exertional dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the diagnostic tests for valve disorders mentioned in the text?

    <p>Auscultation for murmurs and echocardiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapeutic measures are mentioned for mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Lifestyle changes, beta blockers, and anticoagulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitral valve replacement with a mechanical valve is the preferred treatment for mitral regurgitation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aortic stenosis leads to left ventricular hypertrophy to maintain normal cardiac output.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pulmonary edema and shock symptoms may occur in acute mitral regurgitation, such as in papillary muscle rupture following MI.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrial fibrillation may develop from the enlargement of the left ventricle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endocarditis is a risk due to the damaged valve in mitral regurgitation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Two-dimensional echocardiography with Doppler or transesophageal echocardiography shows right atrial enlargement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ECG may show atrial flutter or fibrillation in aortic stenosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A chest x-ray examination confirms hypertrophy of the affected heart chambers in mitral stenosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Symptoms of heart failure are not treated with specific therapies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Digitalis, calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers are used for emboli prevention in atrial fibrillation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiac Valvular Disorders: Diagnostic Tests and Therapeutic Measures

    • Diagnostic tests for cardiac valvular disorders include history and physical examination, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray examination, echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization.
    • Therapeutic measures for cardiac valvular disorders include rheumatic fever prophylaxis, prophylactic antibiotic therapy, anticoagulant therapy, medication therapy, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, and various surgical procedures.
    • Mitral stenosis results from the thickening of the mitral valve flaps and shortening of the chordae tendineae, causing narrowing of the mitral valve opening.
    • The major cause of mitral stenosis is rheumatic fever, and symptoms may take two to four decades to appear after the illness.
    • Mitral stenosis is still a problem in underdeveloped areas where rheumatic fever occurs, and less common causes include congenital defects, tumors, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and calcium deposits.
    • Symptoms of mitral stenosis may include a click or low-pitched murmur, pulmonary symptoms, fatigue, intolerance to activity, dizziness, syncope, edema of ankles and feet, palpitations, and chest pain.
    • Diagnostic tests for mitral stenosis include echocardiography, chest x-ray examination, computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cardiac catheterization if needed.
    • Therapeutic measures for mitral stenosis include monitoring, anticoagulants, treatment for atrial fibrillation, medications for heart failure (HF), percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, and surgical treatment such as valvuloplasty or valve replacement.
    • Mitral regurgitation is the incomplete closure of the mitral valve leaflets, causing backflow of blood into the left atrium with each contraction of the left ventricle.
    • Complications of mitral regurgitation include emboli formation, symptoms related to heart failure, and pulmonary edema.
    • Diagnostic tests for mitral regurgitation include history and physical examination, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray examination, echocardiography, cardiac MRI, and cardiac catheterization.
    • Therapeutic measures for mitral regurgitation include mechanical mitral valve replacement and the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to reduce afterload.

    Cardiac Valvular Disorders: Diagnostic Tests and Therapeutic Measures

    • Diagnostic tests for cardiac valvular disorders include history and physical examination, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray examination, echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization.
    • Therapeutic measures for cardiac valvular disorders include rheumatic fever prophylaxis, prophylactic antibiotic therapy, anticoagulant therapy, medication therapy, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, and various surgical procedures.
    • Mitral stenosis results from the thickening of the mitral valve flaps and shortening of the chordae tendineae, causing narrowing of the mitral valve opening.
    • The major cause of mitral stenosis is rheumatic fever, and symptoms may take two to four decades to appear after the illness.
    • Mitral stenosis is still a problem in underdeveloped areas where rheumatic fever occurs, and less common causes include congenital defects, tumors, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and calcium deposits.
    • Symptoms of mitral stenosis may include a click or low-pitched murmur, pulmonary symptoms, fatigue, intolerance to activity, dizziness, syncope, edema of ankles and feet, palpitations, and chest pain.
    • Diagnostic tests for mitral stenosis include echocardiography, chest x-ray examination, computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cardiac catheterization if needed.
    • Therapeutic measures for mitral stenosis include monitoring, anticoagulants, treatment for atrial fibrillation, medications for heart failure (HF), percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, and surgical treatment such as valvuloplasty or valve replacement.
    • Mitral regurgitation is the incomplete closure of the mitral valve leaflets, causing backflow of blood into the left atrium with each contraction of the left ventricle.
    • Complications of mitral regurgitation include emboli formation, symptoms related to heart failure, and pulmonary edema.
    • Diagnostic tests for mitral regurgitation include history and physical examination, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray examination, echocardiography, cardiac MRI, and cardiac catheterization.
    • Therapeutic measures for mitral regurgitation include mechanical mitral valve replacement and the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to reduce afterload.

    Cardiac Valvular Disorders: Diagnostic Tests and Therapeutic Measures

    • Diagnostic tests for cardiac valvular disorders include history and physical examination, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray examination, echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization.
    • Therapeutic measures for cardiac valvular disorders include rheumatic fever prophylaxis, prophylactic antibiotic therapy, anticoagulant therapy, medication therapy, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, and various surgical procedures.
    • Mitral stenosis results from the thickening of the mitral valve flaps and shortening of the chordae tendineae, causing narrowing of the mitral valve opening.
    • The major cause of mitral stenosis is rheumatic fever, and symptoms may take two to four decades to appear after the illness.
    • Mitral stenosis is still a problem in underdeveloped areas where rheumatic fever occurs, and less common causes include congenital defects, tumors, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and calcium deposits.
    • Symptoms of mitral stenosis may include a click or low-pitched murmur, pulmonary symptoms, fatigue, intolerance to activity, dizziness, syncope, edema of ankles and feet, palpitations, and chest pain.
    • Diagnostic tests for mitral stenosis include echocardiography, chest x-ray examination, computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cardiac catheterization if needed.
    • Therapeutic measures for mitral stenosis include monitoring, anticoagulants, treatment for atrial fibrillation, medications for heart failure (HF), percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, and surgical treatment such as valvuloplasty or valve replacement.
    • Mitral regurgitation is the incomplete closure of the mitral valve leaflets, causing backflow of blood into the left atrium with each contraction of the left ventricle.
    • Complications of mitral regurgitation include emboli formation, symptoms related to heart failure, and pulmonary edema.
    • Diagnostic tests for mitral regurgitation include history and physical examination, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray examination, echocardiography, cardiac MRI, and cardiac catheterization.
    • Therapeutic measures for mitral regurgitation include mechanical mitral valve replacement and the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to reduce afterload.

    Cardiac Valvular Disorders Summary

    • Mitral valve prolapse is a valve disorder that can lead to complications such as emboli and infective endocarditis.
    • Diagnostic tests for mitral valve prolapse include echocardiography and cardiac catheterization.
    • Therapeutic measures for mitral valve prolapse can include beta blockers and valvuloplasty or valve replacement.
    • Priority nursing diagnoses for mitral stenosis include activity intolerance and decreased cardiac output.
    • Mitral stenosis can present with symptoms such as chest pain, palpitations, and exertional dyspnea.
    • Aortic stenosis can lead to complications such as angina and heart failure and may require valve replacement.
    • Aortic regurgitation can present with symptoms such as forceful pulse, chest pain, and exertional dyspnea.
    • Diagnostic tests for valve disorders include auscultation for murmurs and echocardiography.
    • Mitral valve prolapse can be caused by hereditary collagen tissue disorder, infection, ischemic heart disease, or cardiomyopathy.
    • Symptoms of mitral valve prolapse may include atypical chest pain, dysrhythmias, fatigue, and dyspnea.
    • Complications of mitral valve prolapse can include mitral regurgitation, dysrhythmias, and heart failure.
    • Lifestyle changes, beta blockers, and anticoagulants are among the therapeutic measures for mitral valve prolapse.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of diagnostic tests and therapeutic measures for cardiac valvular disorders, focusing on mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation. Explore the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for these conditions, including medication therapy, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, and surgical procedures.

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