Cardiac Valvular Disorders Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a noninfectious cause of myocarditis?

  • Bacterial infection
  • Viral infection
  • Fungal infection
  • Autoimmune response (correct)

Which diagnostic test is NOT typically used to assess myocarditis?

  • EKG (ECG)
  • Echocardiogram
  • MRI
  • Blood glucose test (correct)

What is a potential early symptom of myocarditis?

  • Hypertension
  • Fatigue (correct)
  • Leg cramps
  • Diabetes

Which medication type is used to treat heart failure symptoms in myocarditis?

<p>Beta blockers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does chronic myocarditis last?

<p>3 months or more (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When can cardiac manifestations occur after a viral infection?

<p>2 weeks after infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nursing care strategy is recommended for myocarditis?

<p>Provide frequent rest periods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cardiac trauma occurs due to blunt force trauma?

<p>Nonpenetrating trauma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is used to show cardiac vegetation in a patient with Infective Endocarditis (IE)?

<p>Echocardiogram (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of blood cultures in IE management?

<p>To identify the causative organism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapeutic measure is NOT typically part of the acute treatment for Infective Endocarditis?

<p>Immediate surgical intervention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is surgical replacement or repair of heart valves considered necessary?

<p>Prosthetic valve infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with Infective Endocarditis?

<p>High blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition may result from stenosis or regurgitation of a heart valve due to Infective Endocarditis?

<p>Heart murmur (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a transthoracic echocardiogram after treatment of Infective Endocarditis?

<p>To visualize the heart valves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition may develop due to progressing heart damage in Infective Endocarditis?

<p>Heart failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important component of patient education for maintaining health to prevent future infective endocarditis (IE)?

<p>Good hygiene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of infective endocarditis, what do splinter hemorrhages indicate?

<p>Microbial infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a nurse hear a heart murmur in a patient with endocarditis?

<p>Infection of heart valves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of medication is typically expected to be ordered for treating infective endocarditis?

<p>Antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct number of 325 mg acetaminophen tablets to administer a dose of 650 mg?

<p>2 tablets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which team members are most important to collaborate with in caring for a patient with infective endocarditis?

<p>Cardiologist and infectious disease specialist (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are petechiae a sign of in a patient with infective endocarditis?

<p>Bleeding under the skin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cardiac output when there is chronic inflammation of the pericardium?

<p>It decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a chest x-ray post-cardiac surgery?

<p>To check central line and endotracheal tube placement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sensation can be particularly distressing for patients awakening after surgery?

<p>Auditory hallucinations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of communication is recommended with intubated patients?

<p>Simple closed-ended questions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should drainage from a chest tube be reported immediately after cardiac surgery?

<p>If it exceeds 200 mL per hour (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cardiac layer is affected in infective endocarditis?

<p>Endocardium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical therapeutic INR range for patients on warfarin with a mechanical heart valve?

<p>2.5 to 3.5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endocarditis can affect which type of heart valve most commonly?

<p>Artificial or damaged valves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does infective endocarditis typically start?

<p>With bacteria attaching to eroded endocardium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT activated by vitamin K in the blood clotting process?

<p>Factor VIII (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional response is common when a patient experiences chest pain post-surgery?

<p>Fear and concern (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important precaution to take before administering warfarin to a patient?

<p>Check for signs of bleeding or bruising (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should patients on warfarin regularly monitor as part of their health maintenance?

<p>International normalized ratio (INR) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to include caregivers in the patient education process for cardiac valvular disorders?

<p>Caregivers need to understand the nature of the disorder and support health maintenance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing intervention is essential when mobilizing an elderly patient?

<p>Ensure safety and allow extra time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition should be checked in older adults when changing positions?

<p>Orthostatic hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of patients are guided on the use of prophylactic antibiotics according to AHA guidelines?

<p>Highest-risk patients for infective endocarditis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of chronic aortic regurgitation?

<p>Congenital defects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compensatory mechanism does the left ventricle use in chronic aortic regurgitation?

<p>Dilation and hypertrophy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is typically experienced early in chronic aortic regurgitation?

<p>Feeling of a forceful heartbeat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with advanced chronic aortic regurgitation?

<p>Thrombocytopenia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic sign of chronic aortic regurgitation on physical exam?

<p>Corrigan pulse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity is likely to worsen symptoms in a patient with chronic aortic regurgitation?

<p>Exertion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For Mrs. Pryor, when should digoxin usage be assessed?

<p>When experiencing palpitations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to diastolic blood pressure in chronic aortic regurgitation?

<p>It decreases to widen the pulse pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Chest X-ray Purpose

To check tube placement and detect conditions like pneumothorax or hemothorax.

Intubated Patient Communication

Use closed-ended questions, gestures, or boards for yes/no answers.

Postoperative Chest Pain

Can be from incision, not always angina or MI pain.

Chest Tube Monitoring

Monitor drainage from the tube; report if over 200 mL/hour.

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Heart Layers

Endocardium, pericardium, myocardium; can inflame/infect.

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Infective Endocarditis (IE)

Infection of the endocardium, often in patients with damaged valves.

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IE Pathophysiology

Begins with organism attaching to eroded endocardium, forming vegetative lesions.

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Risk Factors for IE

More common in men, older adults, and individuals with drug injection history.

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Aortic Stenosis

A condition where the aortic valve narrows, obstructing blood flow.

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Aortic Regurgitation

A condition where the aortic valve doesn't close properly, allowing backflow of blood.

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Compensation Mechanism

The heart dilates and hypertrophies to handle increased blood volume.

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Corrigan Pulse

A pulse that is forceful and then quickly collapses, seen in aortic regurgitation.

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Symptoms of Chronic AR

Includes palpitations, exertional dyspnea, and atypical angina pectoris.

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Atypical Angina

Chest pain that occurs at rest or at night linked to decreased oxygen delivery.

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Diastolic Murmur

A heart sound heard during diastole, indicating aortic regurgitation.

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Signs of Left Ventricular Failure

Weakness in heart contraction leading to decreased cardiac output.

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Stenosis

Narrowing of a heart valve that obstructs blood flow.

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Regurgitation

Leakage of blood backward through a valve due to improper closure.

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Diagnostic Tests for IE

Tests like blood cultures, echocardiogram, and imaging to identify infection.

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IV Antibiotics

Intravenous drugs used to treat infections, particularly in severe cases of IE.

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Petechiae

Small red or purple spots on the skin caused by bleeding underneath.

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Valve Replacement Surgery

Surgical procedure to replace or repair severely damaged heart valves.

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Signs of Heart Failure (HF)

Symptoms like dyspnea, fatigue, and decreased activity tolerance.

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IV Antibiotics at Home

Patients and families are trained to administer IV antibiotics at home for infection management.

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Good Hygiene Practices

Includes using a soft-bristle toothbrush, flossing, and regular dental cleaning to prevent infections.

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Skin Care Tips

Proper bathing, hand washing, and avoidance of nail biting and popping skin blemishes are essential for infection prevention.

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Recognition of Symptoms

Identifying signs like fever, chills, and sweats to seek prompt medical attention.

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Infective Endocarditis Symptoms

Includes fever, chills, fatigue, and visible signs like splinter hemorrhages and petechiae.

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Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium affecting heart function, leading to reduced cardiac output.

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Acetaminophen Dosage Calculation

If ordered 650 mg and available as 325 mg tablets, two tablets are needed per dose.

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Chronic Pericarditis

Persistent inflammation of the pericardium lasting longer than 3 months, can lead to complications.

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Noninfectious myocarditis

Myocarditis caused by noninfectious factors like autoimmune issues or cocaine abuse.

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Acute myocarditis

Myocarditis lasting for 3 months or less, often following a viral infection.

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Chronic myocarditis

Myocarditis that lasts for 3 months or more, possibly due to ongoing inflammation.

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Signs of myocarditis

Symptoms may include fatigue, fever, malaise, chest pain, and dyspnea.

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Diagnostic tests for myocarditis

Tests include ECG, echocardiogram, and blood tests for heart function and damage.

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Treatment for myocarditis

Focus on reducing cardiac workload and treating underlying causes with medications.

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Nursing care for myocarditis

Involves monitoring vital signs, managing symptoms, and educating about activity restrictions.

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Cardiac trauma types

Cardiac trauma includes nonpenetrating injuries from blunt trauma and penetrating injuries.

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Geriatric Care

Care that involves a slow pace, allowing patients time to perform activities.

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Orthostatic Hypertension

A common condition in older adults where blood pressure drops upon standing.

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Nursing Diagnoses for Valvular Disorders

Nursing diagnoses for valvular disorders overlap with those for heart failure if symptoms are present.

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Patient Education Focus

Education should include caregivers about the disorder, medications, maintenance, and symptom recognition.

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Warfarin Monitoring

Regular monitoring of INR is essential for patients on warfarin to ensure safe anticoagulant management.

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Vitamin K Role

Vitamin K is vital for activating proteins necessary for blood clotting.

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Therapeutic INR Range

Therapeutic INR for warfarin is typically 2-3; for mechanical heart valves, 2.5-3.5.

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Anticoagulant Administration

Hold warfarin if INR is outside the therapeutic range and check for bleeding before administration.

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Study Notes

Cardiac Valvular Disorders

  • Blood flows in one direction through the heart due to heart valves. Four valves exist — mitral, tricuspid, pulmonic, and aortic.
  • Damage to these valves or surrounding structures causes abnormal valvular functioning.
  • Two main types of dysfunction are stenosis (narrowed valve) and insufficiency (incomplete closure).
  • Stenosis reduces forward blood flow, while insufficiency allows backflow.
  • These conditions increase the heart's workload and pressure in affected chambers. Causes include congenital defects, infections and rheumatic fever.

Rheumatic Fever

  • Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune reaction following streptococcal infections, typically 2-4 weeks after strep throat.
  • Common in developing countries, less occurring in the US.
  • Common age range of affected individuals is between 5 and 15 years old.
  • Treated with penicillin to prevent this complication.

Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)

  • Characterized by mitral valve flaps bulging backward into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.
  • This abnormality can lead to mitral regurgitation, where blood leaks backward into the left atrium..
  • Causes can be related to valve structure abnormalities, connective tissue disorders, or hereditary traits.
  • Symptoms can include unusual feelings, atypical chest pain, arrhythmias, dizziness, syncope, fatigue, and shortness of breath.

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Related Documents

Cardiac Valvular Disorders LPN Chapter 23 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on cardiac valvular disorders including the types, causes, and implications of conditions like stenosis and insufficiency. Additionally, explore the relationship between rheumatic fever and heart valve issues. This quiz covers fundamental concepts necessary for understanding heart health.

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