Cardiac Valvular Disorders Overview

False (B)

Congenital defects or rheumatic heart disease

<p>transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exertional angina = Chest pain during physical activity Exertional dyspnea = Shortness of breath during activity Exertional dizziness = Feeling faint or lightheaded during exertion Systolic murmur = Heart sound that increases after S1 and decreases before S2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ECG (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systolic murmur</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Echocardiogram with Doppler (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A heart-healthy diet, exercise, stress management, and avoidance of stimulants like caffeine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mitral stenosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compression stockings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) with repair = Reduce heart rate with beta blockers Mitral Stenosis = Thickening of mitral valve flaps General Healthy Heart Advice = Exercise and heart-healthy diet Post-MVP Surgery = Weight gain and job stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight gain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To relieve pain and prevent pulmonary emboli, thrombus enlargement, or development of another thrombus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rheumatic fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pain and swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compression ultrasonography (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent pulmonary emboli or chronic venous insufficiency when anticoagulant therapy cannot be used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compression ultrasonography = A diagnostic test for DVT Superficial thrombophlebitis = Treated at home with NSAIDs and heat Venous thrombectomy = Surgical removal of a clot Vena cava filter = Traps clots to prevent lung embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infective Endocarditis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infective Endocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>200 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocardium = Endocarditis Pericardium = Pericarditis Myocardium = Myocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple closed-ended questions (A), Nonverbal gestures (B), Communication boards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Older adults and men</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cool or cold skin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fever and tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>infective endocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chest x-ray (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chest pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infective endocarditis = Positive blood cultures Circulatory impairment = Cyanosis Decreased cardiac output = Fatigue and dyspnea Elevated white blood cell count = Infection indication</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2.5 to 3.5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Check for bleeding or ecchymosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prophylactic antibiotics according to AHA guidelines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allowing extra time for activities and providing rest intervals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitoring INR = Ensures warfarin is at a safe therapeutic level Patient mobility = Assess if ambulation causes faintness or unsteadiness Vitamin K = Necessary for blood clotting factor activation Orthostatic changes = Monitor for blood pressure adjustments when changing positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

A condition where the mitral valve flaps bulge into the left atrium during contraction.

MVP can lead to chest pain, fatigue, and arrhythmia in some patients.

An imaging technique using sound waves to visualize heart function and blood flow.

Management includes lifestyle changes and medications like beta blockers or antiarrhythmics.

A narrowing of the mitral valve opening due to thickened flaps and shortened chords.

Rheumatic fever is the primary cause, especially in older adults.

Decreased blood flow from the left ventricle due to right ventricular failure in MS.

Healthy living can help alleviate MVP symptoms and maintain heart health.

Care tailored for older adults, emphasizing safety and time.

A drop in blood pressure upon standing, common in older adults.

Common diagnoses align with heart failure symptoms in patients.

Instruction for patients and caregivers about the condition, care, and medications.

Regularly checking INR to ensure therapeutic levels for safety.

The desired INR levels for safe warfarin administration: 2-3 or 2.5-3.5 depending on the condition.

Essential for blood clotting, activating specific clotting factors.

Important for patients on warfarin to manage diet affecting INR levels.

A chest x-ray checks tube placements and detects issues like pneumothorax.

Use closed-ended questions and nonverbal gestures with intubated patients.

Chest pain post-surgery may arise from incision rather than MI or anginal pain.

Monitor chest tube drainage; report over 200 mL/hr to prevent complications.

The heart has three layers: endocardium, pericardium, and myocardium.

IE is an infection of the endocardium, often in damaged valves or drug users.

A vegetative lesion forms when microorganisms attach to eroded endocardium.

Risk factors for endocarditis include damaged valves and injection drug use.

Medications used to prevent thromboembolisms.

Preferred over replacement when surgery is needed for mitral issues.

Condition where the aortic valve narrows, obstructing blood flow.

Body adaptations to maintain cardiac output during AS.

Early signs include angina, dyspnea, and dizziness; late signs involve heart failure.

Tests like echocardiograms that assess aortic valve structure and function.

The only effective treatment for severe aortic stenosis.

A minimally invasive option for high-risk patients needing valve replacement.

Cool skin, cyanosis, or absent peripheral pulses indicating poor blood flow.

Use of compression for patients with extensive lower leg swelling.

Tests like compression ultrasonography help quickly diagnose DVT.

Health care provider should be informed of circulatory impairments immediately.

Reduced participation in activities due to restricted mobility from IV therapy.

Aim to relieve pain and prevent complications like pulmonary emboli.

Engage patients in planning activities to boost self-esteem during IV therapy.

Manage at home with heat, analgesics, NSAIDs, and compression.

Success is measured by normal vital signs and active participation in activities.

Usually not needed for low PE risk; prescribed for 3 months when used.

Procedure to remove a clot to prevent emboli when high risk.

Health history inquiries focusing on infections and cardiac conditions.

Signs like fever, heart murmurs, and skin changes related to infective endocarditis.

Device placed to trap clots without blocking blood flow.

Patient history helps assess risk factors for thrombus development.

Tests including blood cultures, echocardiograms, and chest X-rays to confirm infection.