35 Questions
Which equation represents the relationship between mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance?
MAP = cardiac output × total peripheral resistance
What is the formula to calculate cardiac output?
Cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume
Which of the following statements accurately describes stroke volume (SV)?
It is the volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle per heartbeat.
What is the formula to calculate stroke volume (SV)?
SV = EDV - ESV
When does the end systolic volume (ESV) occur?
At the end of systole
What does a decrease in ejection fraction indicate?
A decrease in systolic function
What is ejection fraction?
The ratio of stroke volume to total volume in the ventricle
What happens during diastolic heart failure?
A decrease in both stroke volume and total volume
Which of the following factors promotes venous return to the heart?
Skeletal muscle contraction
What effect does inhalation have on venous return?
Decreases intrathoracic pressure
How does gravity affect venous return?
Decreases venous return by pooling blood in the limbs
Which of the following represents the relationship described by Starling's law of the heart?
Increased EDV causes an increased force of contraction.
What is the role of sarcomere stretching in relation to Starling's law of the heart?
Sarcomere stretching generates a more forceful contraction.
What is the effect of increasing end-diastolic volume (EDV) on the force of contraction in the heart?
Increase in EDV leads to an increase in the force of contraction.
What is the relationship between venous return (VR) and end-diastolic volume (EDV)?
Increase in VR leads to an increase in EDV
What effect does an increase in stroke volume (SV) have on cardiac output (CO)?
Increase in SV leads to an increase in CO
What is the role of calcium in excitation-contraction coupling in cardiomyocytes?
Calcium binds to troponin C
What is the role of calcium in excitation-contraction coupling in cardiomyocytes?
Calcium enhances the affinity of troponin C for actin during contraction.
What effect does stretching the heart muscles have on the force of contraction?
Increases the affinity of troponin C towards calcium ions
What is the significance of Starling's law in relation to contraction force?
It increases the force of contraction
Which of the following events occurs after calcium enters during excitation-contraction coupling in cardiomyocytes?
Calcium-induced calcium release via the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).
Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for positive inotropy observed after an increase in heart rate?
Bowditch effect
What is the role of the Na+/K+-ATPase in maintaining the Na+ gradient in cardiomyocytes?
It pumps Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell.
What effect does the Anrep effect have on myocardial contractility?
Positive inotropy
What is the main function of SERCA in cardiomyocytes?
To pump Ca2+ into the SR from the sarcoplasm
What is the role of troponin in the mechanism of inotropy in cardiomyocytes?
To bind Ca2+ and induce the release of Ca2+ from the SR
Which of the following statements accurately describes the Bowditch effect?
Increase in heart rate will increase the contractility of the heart
What happens to starlings law when heart rate increases?
It cannot be fully triggered
What happens to contractility in a failing heart when heart rate increases?
It decreases
Which of the following is the main mechanism responsible for the Anrep effect in cardiomyocytes?
Accumulation of Ca2+ sets the myocardium to contract more readily and forcefully.
What is the role of the Na+/K+-ATPase in the Anrep effect?
It maintains the Na+ gradient in cardiomyocytes.
How does the Anrep effect affect the force of myocardial contraction?
It increases the force of myocardial contraction.
What is the primary focus of Starling's law of the heart?
Balancing preload and cardiac output.
What is the primary focus of the Anrep effect?
Balancing afterload and cardiac output.
Which of the following equations represents the relationship between cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and heart rate (HR)?
CO = SV x HR
Test your knowledge on cardiac output and its components! This quiz will cover topics such as stroke volume, heart rate, and the calculation of cardiac output. Challenge yourself and see how much you know about the function of the heart.
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