Ward 1.1

What is the time period when contraction and tension development occur in the cardiac cycle?

What happens when the LV pressure exceeds LA pressure but is less than aortic pressure in the cardiac cycle?

What is the approximate percentage of ventricular filling accounted for by atrial systole in the cardiac cycle?

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the LV pressure exceed LA pressure, leading to MV closure?

When does rapid ejection occur in the cardiac cycle?

What does a pressure-volume loop illustrate during one cardiac cycle?

How is stroke volume calculated based on the pressure-volume loop?

What is the normal ejection fraction range for the left ventricle?

What is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat?

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the LV volume remain unchanged while LV pressure rises rapidly?

Which valvular diseases are associated with concentric hypertrophy? (Select 2.)

Which valvular diseases are associated with eccentric hypertrophy? (Select 2.)

What is the hallmark of dysfunction in the right bundle branch?

Which phase of the ventricular muscle action potential is characterized by the upstroke and the opening of fast Na+ channels?

What is the resting membrane potential of the cardiac ventricular muscle?

What does depolarization take place in excitable tissue result in?

At what phase of the cardiac action potential does the membrane potential drop below -60mV, allowing a second action potential to be fired with a greater stimulus?

What characterizes the absolute refractory period of the cardiac action potential?

Which type of cell permeability allows potassium to exit the cell during the action potential?

What is unique about the cardiac myocyte action potential compared to other cells?

What differentiates Phase 2 of the ventricular muscle action potential from other phases?

Which phase of the ventricular muscle action potential marks the initiation of contraction?

What is the difference between the resting membrane potential and threshold potential?

What is the term for the ventricular wall tension at the end of diastole, just before contraction?

Which factor influences preload by increasing the ventricular wall tension at the end of diastole?

What is the relationship between ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV) and stroke volume (SV) known as?

What is the force that the ventricle must overcome to eject its stroke volume known as?

What is the intrinsic strength and vigor of the heart’s contraction during systole known as?

Which factor is independent of either preload or afterload and represents the intrinsic ability of the myocardium to pump in absence of changes to preload or afterload?

What is the period of time when ventricles are relaxed and not contracting known as?

What is the time during which left and right ventricles contract and eject blood into aorta and pulmonary artery known as?

"Wigger's diagram" includes which of the following waves?

What is the term for the electrical and mechanical events taking place from one heartbeat to the next?

Which factor influences preload by increasing the ventricular wall tension at the end of diastole by pressure buildup from venous return before AV valve opens again?

What is the relationship between ventricular volume and ventricular output known as?

What type of hypertrophy is expected in response to regurgitant heart lesions?

Which valve lesion is characterized by thickening of valve leaflets promoting calcification and rigidity?

What is the normal mitral valve area?

Which condition causes mitral regurgitation due to abnormalities of the papillary muscles and chordae tendinae?

Chronic mitral regurgitation results in which type of left ventricular compensation?

What is the hemodynamic goal for a patient with aortic regurgitation?

Which condition is associated with a long asymptomatic period, progressive eccentric enlargement of the left ventricle, and may lead to CHF and angina?

What type of LV hypertrophy allows the ventricle to maintain stroke volume in aortic stenosis?

What is the normal valve orifice size for aortic stenosis?

What is the expected change in myocardial O2 supply and heart mass in severe aortic stenosis?

What are the hemodynamic goals for aortic valve lesions?

What type of valve replacement surgery would be appropriate for severe mitral stenosis?

What is the primary role of the Bachmann's bundle in the heart's conduction system?

What allows the spread of action potentials (AP) throughout the cardiac muscle?

What is the function of the AV node in the heart's conduction system?

What is the role of Purkinje fibers in the heart's conduction system?

What is a characteristic feature of LBBB (left bundle branch block)?

Which part of the heart is responsible for generating the action potential leading to depolarization of all other cardiac muscle cells?

What allows electrical excitation to couple with contraction of cardiac muscle in the heart?

What ensures that right and left atria contract essentially at the same time?

What is the role of the middle internodal tract in the heart's conduction system?

What does the posterior internodal tract do in the heart's conduction system?

What explains why the inside of the cell is negative in relation to the outside?

What happens when serum K+ levels decrease?

What is the primary determinant of the resting membrane potential (RMP)?

What happens when the RMP approaches the threshold potential?

What is the purpose of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump?

What is the higher resting membrane potential of the SA node compared to ventricular muscle?

What is responsible for slow depolarization in the SA node, known as 'pacemaker potential'?

What occurs when SA nodal disease impairs its ability to function as the heart’s dominant pacemaker?

What is characteristic of inherent rates of conduction in Purkinje fibers?

What condition can impact transmission of action potentials from atria to ventricles?

What determines preload or end-diastolic volume (EDV)?

What is responsible for controlling stroke volume?

What controls heart rate?