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Questions and Answers
What happens to the ventricular pressure during the isometric relaxation phase?
What happens to the ventricular pressure during the isometric relaxation phase?
- It increases due to blood returning from the aorta.
- It remains unchanged while both valves are closed.
- It increases rapidly above aortic pressure.
- It decreases rapidly below aortic and pulmonary pressures. (correct)
What prevents blood from returning to the ventricles after ventricular systole?
What prevents blood from returning to the ventricles after ventricular systole?
- The drop in atrial pressure.
- The closing of A-V valves.
- The sudden closure of aortic and pulmonary valves. (correct)
- The rapid increase in aortic pressure.
What characterizes the rapid filling phase of the cardiac cycle?
What characterizes the rapid filling phase of the cardiac cycle?
- Blood flows passively from atria to ventricles. (correct)
- A-V valves are closed, preventing blood flow.
- Atrial pressure is at its lowest.
- Ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure.
During the reduced filling phase, how does the volume of ventricles change?
During the reduced filling phase, how does the volume of ventricles change?
What happens at the end of the isometric relaxation phase regarding aortic pressure?
What happens at the end of the isometric relaxation phase regarding aortic pressure?
Which phase directly follows the isometric relaxation phase?
Which phase directly follows the isometric relaxation phase?
How do aortic and pulmonary pressures change during the rapid filling phase?
How do aortic and pulmonary pressures change during the rapid filling phase?
What happens to atrial pressure during the isometric relaxation phase?
What happens to atrial pressure during the isometric relaxation phase?
What occurs during the isometric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?
What occurs during the isometric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?
What is the pressure in the left ventricle when the aortic valve opens?
What is the pressure in the left ventricle when the aortic valve opens?
In the maximal (rapid) ejection phase, how does the blood flow out of the ventricle?
In the maximal (rapid) ejection phase, how does the blood flow out of the ventricle?
What happens to the aortic valve during the protodiastolic phase?
What happens to the aortic valve during the protodiastolic phase?
During the isometric relaxation phase, what prevents blood from regurgitating into the ventricle?
During the isometric relaxation phase, what prevents blood from regurgitating into the ventricle?
What characterizes the maximal (rapid) filling phase of the cardiac cycle?
What characterizes the maximal (rapid) filling phase of the cardiac cycle?
What happens to the left ventricular pressure during the reduced ejection phase?
What happens to the left ventricular pressure during the reduced ejection phase?
What occurs as the ventricular relaxation leads to the opening of the mitral valve?
What occurs as the ventricular relaxation leads to the opening of the mitral valve?
What is the duration of the maximum filling phase in the cardiac cycle?
What is the duration of the maximum filling phase in the cardiac cycle?
During which phase does the ventricular systole occur?
During which phase does the ventricular systole occur?
What is the main function of the atria in the cardiac cycle?
What is the main function of the atria in the cardiac cycle?
What percentage of blood flows from the atria to the ventricles passively?
What percentage of blood flows from the atria to the ventricles passively?
Which phase marks the beginning of the ventricular cycle?
Which phase marks the beginning of the ventricular cycle?
What is the duration of the ventricular diastole phase?
What is the duration of the ventricular diastole phase?
Which phase is included in early diastole?
Which phase is included in early diastole?
What is the duration of the isometric relaxation phase?
What is the duration of the isometric relaxation phase?
What occurs immediately after the contraction of the ventricles during systole?
What occurs immediately after the contraction of the ventricles during systole?
During isovolumetric contraction, which condition is present?
During isovolumetric contraction, which condition is present?
What characterizes the maximal ejection phase of the cardiac cycle?
What characterizes the maximal ejection phase of the cardiac cycle?
What happens to stroke volume during the reduced ejection phase?
What happens to stroke volume during the reduced ejection phase?
At the end of the maximal ejection phase, what is the expected pressure in the aorta?
At the end of the maximal ejection phase, what is the expected pressure in the aorta?
Which statement correctly describes the protodiastolic phase?
Which statement correctly describes the protodiastolic phase?
What is the end-systolic volume after one cardiac cycle?
What is the end-systolic volume after one cardiac cycle?
Which of the following best describes the changes in aorta and pulmonary artery pressures during the reduced ejection phase?
Which of the following best describes the changes in aorta and pulmonary artery pressures during the reduced ejection phase?
Flashcards
Atrial Systole (Late Diastole)
Atrial Systole (Late Diastole)
Phase of the cardiac cycle where the atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles.
Ventricular Systole
Ventricular Systole
The phase where the ventricles contract to pump blood out of the heart.
Isometric Contraction
Isometric Contraction
Initial phase of ventricular contraction when the ventricles contract, but the pressure inside the ventricles hasn't yet built up enough to open the valves.
End-Diastolic Volume
End-Diastolic Volume
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Cardiac Cycle Phases
Cardiac Cycle Phases
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Early Diastole
Early Diastole
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Blood Vessel Pressure (a)
Blood Vessel Pressure (a)
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Atrial Function
Atrial Function
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Intraventricular Pressure Increase
Intraventricular Pressure Increase
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AV Valve Closure
AV Valve Closure
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Maximal Ejection Phase
Maximal Ejection Phase
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Stroke Volume
Stroke Volume
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Aortic and Pulmonary Pressure
Aortic and Pulmonary Pressure
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Reduced Ejection Phase
Reduced Ejection Phase
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Isovolumetric Relaxation
Isovolumetric Relaxation
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Rapid Filling Phase
Rapid Filling Phase
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Reduced Filling Phase
Reduced Filling Phase
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Ventricular Pressure vs. Aortic Pressure
Ventricular Pressure vs. Aortic Pressure
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Dicrotic Notch
Dicrotic Notch
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Isovolumetric Relaxation Duration
Isovolumetric Relaxation Duration
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Rapid Filling Phase Duration
Rapid Filling Phase Duration
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Reduced Filling Phase Duration
Reduced Filling Phase Duration
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Isometric Relaxation
Isometric Relaxation
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Protodiastolic Phase
Protodiastolic Phase
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Ventricular Pressure Changes
Ventricular Pressure Changes
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Study Notes
Cardiac Cycle Phases
- Protodiastole (0.04 seconds): Initial relaxation phase.
- Isometric Relaxation (0.06 seconds): Relaxation continues without changing volume.
- Maximum Filling (0.1 second): Ventricles fill rapidly.
- Reduced Filling (0.2 second): Filling slows.
- Important Classification of Phases:
- Ventricular systole includes phases 2, 3, and 4.
- Early diastole includes phases 5, 6, and 7.
- Mid diastole is phase 8.
- Late diastole includes phase 1.
- Systolic Pressure (Lt.V): 120 mmHg.
- Systolic Pressure (Rt.V): 25 mmHg.
- Diastolic Pressure (Aorta): 80 mmHg.
- Diastolic Pressure (Pulmonary): 10 mmHg.
- 70% of blood passes passively.
- 30% of blood passes with atrial contraction.
- Atrial Function: Reservoir of blood.
- Atrial Systole (0.1 seconds): Atria contract to fill ventricles.
- Atrial Diastole (0.7 seconds): Period of atrial relaxation.
- Ventricular Systole (0.3 seconds): Heart's pumping phase contraction.
- Ventricular Diastole (0.5 seconds): Relaxation phase, filling.
Cardiac Cycle Summary (Page 3)
-
Atrial Systole (Late Diastole):
- SA node's impulse spreads over both atria.
- P wave of ECG precedes mechanical systole (0.02 sec).
- Atria contract (increase pressure), pump blood into ventricles, increase ventricular volume slightly.
-
Isometric Contraction (0.05 seconds):
- QRS complex precedes mechanical ventricular systole (0.02 sec).
- Ventricular contraction increases intraventricular pressure rapidly.
- Prevents backflow into atria by closing atrioventricular (AV) valves.
- Aortic/pulmonary valves stay closed, decreasing pressure in aorta/pulmonary artery.
Cardiac Cycle Phases (Page 4 & Subsequent Pages)
-
Maximal Ejection Phase (0.15 seconds):
- Intraventricular pressure exceeds aortic/pulmonary pressures.
- Blood exits ventricles to aorta/pulmonary artery.
- Ventricular volume decreases.
-
Reduced Ejection Phase (0.1 seconds):
- Less blood exits ventricles.
- Aortic/pulmonary pressures decrease blood leaving ventricles.
- Intra-arterial pressure (continues to rise) due to venous return while AV valves are closed.
-
Protodiastolic Phase (0.04 seconds):
- Brief period between ventricular systole end and closure of aortic/pulmonary valves.
- Ventricular contraction stops.
-
Isometric Relaxation (0.06 seconds):
- Ventricles relax, intraventricular pressure decreases below aortic/pulmonary pressure.
- AV and semilunar valves close preventing backflow.
-
Rapid Filling (0.1 seconds):
- Intra-atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure.
- AV valves open, and blood passively flows from atria to ventricles.
-
Reduced Filling (0.2 seconds):
- Ventricular pressure increases slightly.
- Blood flow from atria to ventricles slows.
Ventricular Volume Changes During Cardiac Cycle (Page 7)
- Atrial systole: Ventricular volume increases.
- Isometric contraction: Ventricular volume remains constant.
- Maximal ejection: Ventricular volume decreases.
- Reduced ejection: Ventricular volume decreases.
- Protodiastolic: Ventricular volume remains constant.
- Isometric relaxation: Ventricular volume remains constant.
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