Questions and Answers
Where is the V1 electrode placed in ECG lead placement?
What is a common symptom of cardiac failure?
What is the purpose of jugular venous pressure assessment?
What is exercise intolerance a measure of?
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What is edema a sign of?
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What is apical heave?
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What is a common symptom of Acute Coronary Syndrome?
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What is a differential diagnosis for a patient with chest pain?
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What is a characteristic of a patient with Palpitations?
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What is a common cause of Shortness of Breath?
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What is Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea/Orthopnea typically characterized by?
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What is a symptom of Aortic dissection?
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What is a common symptom of Pneumothorax?
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What is a symptom of Tamponade?
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Study Notes
Anatomical Structures and Physiological Functioning
- The cardiac cycle consists of a series of events that occur in a specific order.
- The cardiac conduction system is responsible for regulating the heartbeat.
Concerning Signs and Symptoms
- Chest pain can be a symptom of:
- Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), characterized by retrosternal, anterior chest pain, radiation, and discomfort.
- Pneumothorax, characterized by history of trauma, dyspnea, jugular venous pressure, and auscultatory findings.
- Tamponade, characterized by blood or effusion, hypotension, narrow pulse pressure, and auscultatory findings.
- Pulmonary embolus, characterized by sudden-onset dyspnea, tachypnea, pleuritic chest pain, tachycardia, and pulse oximetry.
- Aortic dissection, characterized by tearing, ripping, migrating, hypertension, and anatomical findings.
- Palpitations can be a symptom of:
- Atrial fibrillation, ischaemia, PSVT, POTS (Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome), and cardiac failure.
- Shortness of breath can be a symptom of:
- Acute conditions such as pulmonary embolus, pneumothorax, and ACS.
- Chronic conditions such as cardiac failure and infection.
- Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea/Orthopnea is characterized by:
- Wheezing or unproductive cough within 1-2 hours of being supine, resolving on position change.
- Edema can be a symptom of:
- Cardiac disease, renal disease, liver disease, and nutritional disease.
- Fatigue can be a symptom of:
- Exercise intolerance, shortness of breath, and somnolence.
Physical Assessment
- ECG lead placement:
- V1: 4th intercostal space to the right of the sternum.
- V2: 4th intercostal space to the left of the sternum.
- V3: Midway between V2 and V4.
- V4: 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line.
- V5: Anterior axillary line at the same level as V4.
- V6: Midaxillary line at the same level as V4 and V5.
- RL: Anywhere above the ankle and below the torso.
- RA: Anywhere between the shoulder and the elbow.
- LL: Anywhere above the ankle and below the torso.
- LA: Anywhere between the shoulder and the elbow.
- Cardiovascular assessment includes:
- Jugular Venous Pressure Assessment.
- Carotid, central, and peripheral pulse assessment.
- Thrills and Bruits.
- Cardiac Auscultation.
- Apical and Right Ventricular Heave.
- Peripheral signs.
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Description
This quiz covers the cardiac cycle, cardiac conduction system, and signs and symptoms of chest pain, including Acute Coronary Syndrome and Pneumothorax.
