27 Questions
During isovolumetric contraction and relaxation, what happens to the volume of blood in the ventricles?
It does not change as all 4 valves are closed
What is the term for the volume left in the ventricles at the end of the contraction?
End-Systolic Volume (ESV)
What is the term for the volume ejected from the ventricles every beat?
Stroke Volume (SV)
What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)?
CO = SV x HR
During isovolumetric relaxation, what happens to the ventricular pressure and the status of the valves?
Ventricular pressure drops, and both SL and AV valves are closed
Which factor determines the resistance the heart has to pump against?
Afterload
According to the Frank-Starling law, an increase in preload should result in:
An increase in cardiac output
Which of the following is considered a negative inotrope?
High potassium levels
What is the primary determinant of cardiac output (CO) at rest?
Stroke volume (SV)
What causes the dicrotic notch in the arterial pressure waveform?
Closure of the semilunar valves
Which of the following is true about atrial systole?
Atria contract and push blood into the ventricles
What does the term 'isovolumetric' mean in the context of ventricular contraction and relaxation?
Same volume
What is the primary determinant of afterload?
Systemic vascular resistance
In the context of cardiac function, what does the term 'preload' refer to?
Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
What is the formula for calculating stroke volume (SV)?
SV = EDV - ESV
What is the primary impact of hypertension on the heart?
Increases afterload and resistance, making the heart work harder
When does the majority of blood flow to the heart occur?
During the diastolic phase
What is the impact of right coronary artery blockage?
Can impact pacemaker function
Which medication can influence the plateau phase of the action potential in cardiac muscle?
Calcium channel blockers (CCB)
What is the role of troponin in cardiac physiology?
Cardiac marker for MI and is released into circulation in case of muscle damage
What is the function of the SA node in the heart?
Acts as the heart's pacemaker with an unstable resting membrane potential
How does epinephrine (Epi) affect heart rate?
Increases heart rate by increasing the slope of action potentials
What is the primary impact of exercise on cardiac physiology?
Improves cardiac output and oxygen utilization
Through which vessel does venous circulation return to the heart?
Coronary sinus
What is the impact of coronary circulation on the heart muscle?
Vital for providing nutrients and removing waste from the heart muscle
When is coronary blood flow fastest?
When the heart is contracting
What is unique about the cellular structure of cardiac muscle?
Contains intercalated discs and a high mitochondrial content
Study Notes
Cardiac Physiology Key Points
- Hypertension increases afterload and resistance, making the heart work harder
- Exercise improves cardiac output and oxygen utilization
- Coronary circulation is vital for providing nutrients and removing waste from the heart muscle
- Majority of blood flow to the heart occurs during the diastolic phase
- Coronary blood flow is fastest when the heart is contracting
- Right coronary artery blockage can impact pacemaker function
- Venous circulation returns to the heart through the coronary sinus
- Cardiac muscle has a unique cellular structure with intercalated discs and a high mitochondrial content
- Troponin is a cardiac marker for MI and is released into circulation in case of muscle damage
- The heart has its own pacemaker, the SA node, with an unstable resting membrane potential
- Epi increases heart rate by increasing the slope of action potentials
- Medications like CCB, BB, and digoxin can influence the plateau phase of the action potential in cardiac muscle
Test your knowledge of cardiac physiology with this quiz. Explore key points such as the impact of hypertension, the role of exercise in cardiac output, coronary circulation, cardiac markers for MI, and the influence of medications on the action potential in cardiac muscle.
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