Cardiac Physiology Quiz

The patient's right to make their own decisions about their healthcare.

The principle of doing good and acting in the patient's best interest.

The principle of avoiding harm to the patient.

A legal document that outlines a patient's wishes for medical treatment in the event they are unable to make decisions for themselves.

A form used to document a Do Not Attempt Resuscitation (DNAR) order.

The equation that represents the process of aerobic respiration where glucose and oxygen are converted into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O).

A condition where there is an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood due to a decrease in the efficiency of the respiratory system to eliminate CO2.

The pressure inside the lungs must be lower than atmospheric pressure so that air can flow into the lungs.

The ability of the lungs to expand and contract easily. It reflects how easily the lungs can be inflated.

A condition where the bronchioles in the lungs narrow, making it difficult to breathe.

A condition where the larynx narrows abnormally. Prolonged laryngospasm can lead to barotrauma and complications, such as pulmonary edema or blood in the lungs.

An immediate and severe allergic reaction that involves a release of histamine and serotonin. Symptoms include hives, swelling, and difficulty breathing.

A severe reaction to local anesthetics, characterized by changes in mental status, cardiovascular collapse, and potentially life-threatening arrhythmias. It can happen shortly after or even some time after injection.

A condition marked by an extremely rapid heart rate. Treatment might involve fluids, magnesium, or medications like amiodarone or labetalol.

A condition where the heart rate is abnormally slow. Can be treated with medications like atropine or adrenaline in emergencies.

A rare but serious condition characterized by a rapid rise in body temperature, muscle rigidity, and potentially fatal complications like rhabdomyolysis. Treatment involves dantrolene, and cooling measures.

The body's response to blood loss, characterized by increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and reduced blood pressure. The body is compensating for the lack of circulating volume.

A group of interventions aimed at stabilising a patient experiencing a major haemorrhage. It includes measures like early recognition, calling for help, blood product transfusion, and controlling bleeding sources.

This term refers to a life-threatening condition that occurs when a patient experiences a sudden and significant blood loss. This can lead to shock and potential organ damage.

A critical component of major haemorrhage management. It involves measures to prevent heat loss and maintain the patient's core temperature. This is crucial for proper clotting and preventing complications.

A collection of factors, including hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy, that often occur together in major haemorrhage. These factors can worsen bleeding and increase the risk of complications.

A drug used to prevent the breakdown of blood clots, thus helping to control bleeding in cases of major haemorrhage.

A blood product containing clotting factors, which is administered to help control bleeding in patients with major haemorrhage.

A blood product containing platelets, which are essential for blood clotting. They are administered to patients with major haemorrhage to help stop the bleeding.

Autorhythmic cells responsible for initiating and regulating the heartbeat. They are located in the right atrium and act as the 'pacemaker' of the heart.

Autorhythmic cells found near the bottom of the right atrium that help to slow down electrical signals before they reach the ventricles. This ensures proper coordination between atrial and ventricular contractions.

Represents the electrical activity of the ventricles as they contract. It's the largest wave on an ECG and is characterized by the 'QRS complex'.

The resting state of a cardiac cell where the inside of the cell is negatively charged compared to the outside. This creates a potential difference, essential for the heart to function properly.

The process by which a cardiac cell is stimulated to generate an electrical impulse. This involves sodium ions rushing into the cell, causing it to become positively charged.

A severe, life-threatening allergic reaction characterized by widespread vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability. It can manifest with symptoms affecting multiple organ systems, including the skin, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and gastrointestinal system.

A type of antibody that plays a crucial role in allergic reactions. Its binding to allergens triggers the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells.

Specialized cells found in tissues that contain histamine and other inflammatory mediators. When activated by IgE, they release these mediators, contributing to the symptoms of anaphylaxis.

A chemical released by mast cells during anaphylaxis. It causes vasodilation (blood vessel widening), bronchoconstriction (airway narrowing), and increased vascular permeability (leakiness of blood vessels).

A substance that causes an allergic reaction, such as pollen, food, insect stings, or pet dander.

A rapid infusion of a fluid to increase the blood volume. It may be used to treat anaphylaxis by increasing the circulating volume.

The widening of blood vessels, which can lead to a decrease in blood pressure (hypotension).

The narrowing of the airways in the lungs, which can cause difficulty breathing (wheezing, stridor, and dyspnea).

The leakage of fluid from blood vessels into surrounding tissues, which can lead to swelling.

The process of administering medication directly into a muscle, usually in the thigh or upper arm.

The most damaged area of a burn, characterized by irreversible cell death and impaired circulation. This zone is where blood clots form.

This zone of a burn is characterized by reduced blood flow and tissue perfusion. It's potentially reversible, but can also turn into the irreversible zone if not treated properly.

This zone of a burn is characterized by increased blood flow due to inflammation. This zone has the potential to recover.

This occurs when burns affect at least 30% of the body's surface area, triggering the release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators that increase capillary permeability.

A condition that occurs due to the loss of fluids following a burn, leading to a decrease in blood pressure and oxygen carrying capacity, potentially resulting in hypovolemic shock or distributive shock.

An important complication of burns, leading to airway obstruction and compromised breathing. It can occur due to the release of cytokines and inflammation in the airways.

A critical metabolic change following a burn, where the body increases its metabolic demands due to the loss of tissues. This can lead to malnutrition and catabolism.

A common complication of burns, characterized by a decrease in the body's ability to utilize insulin. It's caused by the release of adrenaline, which prevents the body from efficiently taking in glucose from the bloodstream.

Parkland Formula

This is a measure of the amount of oxygen in the blood, and it's critical to monitor in burn patients due to their increased oxygen demand and potential for respiratory compromise.