Cardiac Conditions and Orthostatic Hypotension

High blood pressure caused by increased blood pressure or blood flow, narrowing of blood vessels, or problems with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Conditions like coronary artery disease, older age, male sex, diabetes, obesity, smoking, high sodium intake, and preeclampsia increase the risk of hypertension.

Elevated blood pressure is defined by readings above normal ranges, categorized into different stages (e.g., stage 1, stage 2).

Moderate-intensity exercise (12-15 RPE, 40-60% HRR) for 30 minutes, 5-7 times a week, is recommended for managing hypertension.

Orthostatic hypotension is a sudden drop in blood pressure when changing positions, often causing a decrease in systolic blood pressure by 20+ mmHg and diastolic by 10+ mmHg.

Risk factors for orthostatic hypotension include aging, dehydration, blood loss, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, diabetes, and certain medications like vasodilators or anti-hypertensives.

Symptoms may include dizziness, lightheadedness, blurred vision, fatigue, headaches, palpitations, nausea, syncope, and cognitive impairment.

Treatment strategies for orthostatic hypotension include medication like Midodrine to manage hypotension, slowly changing positions, dietary adjustments to improve hydration and avoid large meals and alcohol, and physical positions like elevating the head of the bed.

Measures to prevent complications after heart surgery, focusing on preventing blood clots and sternal problems.

Specific instructions to follow to avoid sternum injury after sternotomy.

Symptoms of poor vein function, including leg pain, swelling, and discomfort.

Respiratory conditions.

Lung conditions where air flow is reduced.

Lung conditions where air intake is hampered.

A group of lung diseases that block airflow.

Ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC) is reduced.

Ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC) is reduced.

High blood pressure when lying down.

COPD type where alveolar walls are destroyed, resulting in trapped air.

COPD type with a chronic cough (3 months/2 years).

Breathing technique increasing expiratory resistance to keep airways open.

Methods to remove mucus from the lungs.

Devices increasing expiratory pressure to keep airways open.

Reduced vibrations in the chest during examination, often seen in emphysema.

Increased vibrations in the chest during examination, possibly seen in chronic bronchitis.

High blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs.

Shortness of breath.

Low blood oxygen levels.

Major risk factor for COPD (especially emphysema and chronic bronchitis).

Controlled breathing strategy to improve efficiency.

Measures functional capacity in people with respiratory conditions.

Strategies to reduce energy expenditure during activities, important in managing COPD.

A partial collapse of the lung, which can be obstructive or non-obstructive.

Common causes include post-operative pain, pleural effusion, and pneumonia, where secretions block the airway.

Reduced chest wall movement, decreased breath sounds, and a shifted trachea towards the collapsed side (if severe) are indicators.

A metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production or cell resistance to insulin.

Type 1: Genetics and juvenile onset; Type 2: Diet, exercise, and adult onset; Gestational: Increased risk for diabetes later.

Complications include stroke, heart attack, retinopathy, cataracts, nephropathy, neuropathy, and PAD.

A condition characterized by an excessive amount of body fat, categorized as overweight (BMI 25), obese (BMI >30), or severely obese (BMI >40).

Stress on the heart and musculoskeletal system, including osteoarthritis, DDD, sarcopenia, and altered muscle fiber types.

Safe mobilization, appropriate body mechanics, and assistance as needed are key for exercise.

Abdominal precautions like logrolling, no heavy lifting, and no resisted hip flexion are crucial.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow limitation and inflammation. Common symptoms include shortness of breath (SOB), especially during exertion, chronic cough, excessive mucus production, and wheezing.

Techniques to clear mucus from airways and improve breathing. These include shaking for obese individuals, postural drainage, and percussion or vibration.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and bronchospasm of the airways, causing recurrent episodes of airway obstruction that is usually reversible. Airways are hyperactive to triggers like allergens, exercise, or cold air.

Conditions that increase the risk of asthma include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, and pre-existing airway hyperresponsiveness.

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs, often caused by infection (viral, bacterial, or aspiration of foreign material).

Conditions that can make you more susceptible to pneumonia include impaired swallowing, altered consciousness, neurological involvement, and recent anesthesia.

Pneumonia symptoms vary depending on the causative agent. Viral pneumonia often presents with a nonproductive cough, normal white blood cell count, loss of appetite, fever, dyspnea, and scattered inspiratory crackles. Bacterial pneumonia is characterized by a productive cough, increased white blood cell count, tachycardia, tachypnea, hypoxia, fever, and dyspnea.

Exercises to strengthen breathing and improve lung capacity. These include diaphragmatic breathing, incentive spirometry, coughing and huffing, and postural drainage.

A surgical procedure where a portion of the lung (lobe) is removed. This can sometimes be performed using Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS).

Esophagectomy is a surgical removal of the esophagus. Post-surgery precautions include keeping the head of the bed elevated above 30 degrees at all times to prevent aspiration.

A surgical procedure where a portion of the poorly functioning lung tissue is removed (up to 20-35%), aiming to improve the efficiency of the remaining lung tissue. This is a palliative treatment often used for severe COPD.

A lung transplant is a surgical procedure to replace diseased lungs with healthy donor lungs. After transplant, the lungs are denervated, which means they lose their nerve supply. This can make it difficult to detect problems, as the body's usual warning signals are absent.

Rejection after lung transplant is a serious complication where the body's immune system attacks the transplanted organ. Symptoms include fever, tachycardia, shortness of breath, cough, crackles in the lungs, low oxygen levels, high carbon dioxide levels, significant decline in exercise tolerance, and potential development of atrial fibrillation.

After lung transplant, patients may need to retrain their breathing patterns. Due to their previous lung disease, they may have adapted to using techniques like pursed lip breathing and barrel chest breathing. It is important to retrain them to use techniques like diaphragmatic breathing and segmental breathing.