35 Questions
What is the function of ventricles in the heart?
Pump blood out to the body or lungs
Where is the epicardium located in relation to the myocardium?
Superficial to the myocardium
Which vein is the only vein to carry oxygenated blood in the body?
Pulmonary vein
What separates the two sublayers of the serous layer in the pericardium?
Parietal cavity
Which structure in the heart can hold blood and empty into the atria?
Auricles
How much fluid does the heart pump per minute?
5.25 L
What happens to Ca++ channels at 0mV?
They close for typical repolarization
What is the function of slow Ca++ channels in the heart?
Allow for the plateau phase
If not for endocrine control, how many times would the SA node fire per minute?
80 - 100
What is the purpose of the AV node in the heart's conduction system?
Delay electrical signals
Which part of the heart has been recorded with the lowest heart rate of 28 BPM?
Purkinje fibers
What is the purpose of AED's in the context of cardiac electrical problems?
To correct fibrillations
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does blood flow into the atria and through into the ventricles?
Atrial diastole
Which component of the ECG represents the depolarization of the atria?
P wave
What is the main function of an artificial pacemaker in the context of heart contraction?
To deliver electrical impulses for effective heart contractions
In the context of the cardiac cycle, what happens during ventricular diastole?
Relaxation with semilunar valves closed
What characterizes end systolic volume (ESV) in the context of cardiac physiology?
Amount of blood left in ventricles after stroke volume is pushed out
What is the term used to refer to the presence of both S3 and S4 heart sounds?
S7
Which valve does the S1 heart sound correspond to?
Atrioventricular valves
What is the formula to calculate Cardiac Output (CO)?
CO = HR * SV
What percentage range constitutes a normal Ejection Fraction?
50% - 70%
Which reflex causes an increase in parasympathetic stimulation in response to pressure and stretch?
Baroreceptor reflex
What is the target heart rate range used to keep Cardiac Output high during exercise?
120-150 bpm
What controls the nervous regulation of heart rate from the medulla oblongata?
Cardiac plexus
Which factor increases heart rate and contractility?
Increased Ca++ levels
What is the function of endothelium in the heart?
Regulates growth patterns of cardiac muscle cells
What is the main function of the septum in the heart?
Divides the heart into chambers
What is the role of the moderator band in the heart?
Muscle for cardiac conduction
Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle?
To pump blood into the aorta
Which statement about semilunar valves is correct?
They have no muscular attachments
What causes a heart murmur during auscultation?
Altered blood flow due to inflammation
What is the function of coronary circulation in the heart?
Allows blood flow even with partial blockage
Why do cardiac muscle cells have a long refractory period?
To prevent tetany and ensure heart refills with blood
What is the main function of the Sinoatrial (SA) node?
Set normal cardiac rhythm, known as the pacemaker
What happens when cardiac contractile cells depolarize?
They plateau before repolarizing
Test your knowledge on the cardiac action potential, including repolarization, refractory period, calcium ion channels, and the conduction system of the heart. Learn about the different firing rates of the SA node, AV node, and bundle branches.
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