33 Questions
What is the function of the atria in the heart?
Collect blood and push it into the lower chambers
Where is the epicardium located in the heart?
Most superficial layer
Which vessel is responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood in the heart?
Pulmonary artery
What volume of fluid does the heart pump per minute?
52.5 L
What is the size of a typical heart compared to?
Size of a fist
Where are fat-filled grooves called sulci located in the heart?
On the surface of the heart containing coronary vessels
What happens at 0mV in the heart's action potential?
Ca++ channels close and K+ channels open
What is the purpose of the long refractory period in the heart?
To prevent premature contractions
What would happen if the SA node fired 100 times per minute?
Heart rate would increase
Which part of the heart's conduction system fires at the slowest rate?
Purkinje fibers
What is the purpose of using electrodes in an ECG?
To record electrical signals of the heart
What is the purpose of artificial pacemakers?
To ensure effective heart contractions
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does systole occur?
Atrial systole
What is the main function of an AED (Automated External Defibrillator)?
To correct fibrillations
Which part of the heart undergoes repolarization during the T wave?
Ventricles
What happens during ventricular diastole?
Relaxation and filling with blood
Which phase of the cardiac cycle marks the end of ventricular relaxation?
Isovolumic ventricular relaxation phase
Which heart sound is heard when the semilunar valves close?
S2
What does an S4 heart sound indicate?
Blood being pushed into a stiff ventricle
What does the ejection fraction measure?
Percentage of blood pumped
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
CO = HR * SV
What effect does exercise have on stroke volume?
Increases it initially, then decreases it
Which nerve dominates the autonomic tone of the heart?
Vagus nerve
What happens when there is an increase in thyroid hormone levels?
Increases heart rate and contractility
Which substances can decrease heart rate?
Hypoxia and alkalosis
How does increased filling time affect stroke volume?
Increases it by allowing stronger contraction
What is the main function of endothelins released by the endothelium?
Regulate growth patterns of cardiac muscle cells
Which structure divides the heart into chambers?
Septum
Where does the left atrium receive blood from?
Pulmonary veins
Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?
Atrioventricular valve
What is the main function of the moderator band in the heart?
To assist in cardiac conduction
What is the purpose of anastomosis in coronary circulation?
To allow blood flow during blockages
Which type of cells initiate and propagate the action potential through the heart?
Myocardial conducting cells
Test your knowledge on the dynamics of the cardiac action potential, including phases of repolarization, refractory periods, calcium ion involvement, and conduction in the heart's electrical system.
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