Carbohydrates Overview

Which type of carbohydrate consists of more than 10 monosaccharide units?

What is the fundamental characteristic of a monosaccharide?

Which of the following sugars is an example of an aldotetrose?

Which of the following correctly describes D-sugars?

How are aldoses formed from glyceraldehyde?

Which classification applies to carbohydrates containing 3 to 10 monosaccharide units?

What is the main characteristic of a ketose?

Which of the following statements about glucose is correct?

What is the mother compound of all aldoses?

Which class of carbohydrates is represented by the formula $(CH_2O)_3$?

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy alcohols with an aldehyde or keto group.
General formula: $C_n(H_2O)_n$
They are a significant source of dietary calories and act as a storage form of energy.
They are components of cell membranes and facilitate intercellular communication.

Classification of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides: Single sugar unit.
Disaccharides: Two sugar units.
Oligosaccharides: 3 to 10 sugar units.
Polysaccharides: More than 10 sugar units.

Monosaccharides

Simplest carbohydrates.
General formula: $(CH_2O)_n$.
Categorized based on number of carbons and functional groups.

Number of Carbons

Trioses: 3 carbons
Tetroses: 4 carbons
Pentoses: 5 carbons
Hexoses: 6 carbons
Heptoses: 7 carbons

Functional Groups

Aldoses: Contain an aldehyde group.
Ketoses: Contain a ketone group.

Aldoses

The mother compound of all aldoses is glyceraldehyde.
Sugars derived from D-glyceraldehyde are called D-sugars.
D-sugars have the hydroxyl group on the penultimate carbon to the right.
Sugars derived from L-glyceraldehyde are called L-sugars.
L-sugars have the hydroxyl group on the penultimate carbon to the left.
Naturally occurring monosaccharides are mostly of the D-type.

Aldose Examples

Aldotriose (3 carbons): D-glyceraldehyde
Aldotetrose (4 carbons): D-erythrose
Aldopentose (5 carbons): D-ribose and D-xylose
Aldohexose (6 carbons): D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-galactose

This quiz covers the essential concepts of carbohydrates, including their classification, types, and functional groups. It explores monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, along with their importance as a dietary source of energy. Test your knowledge on carbohydrate structures and functions.