Carbohydrate Metabolism and Classification
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Questions and Answers

What is the structural difference between starch and glycogen?

  • Starch is primarily found in animal cells, while glycogen is found in plant cells.
  • Starch is a linear polymer, while glycogen is a branched polymer. (correct)
  • Starch is a branched polymer, while glycogen is a linear polymer.
  • Starch is composed of fructose, while glycogen is composed of glucose.

    • Which of the following is a heteropolysaccharide?

  • Starch
  • Cellulose
  • Glycogen
  • Hyaluronic acid (correct)

    • What is the primary function of cellulose in plants?

  • Cell signaling
  • Hormone production
  • Energy storage
  • Structural support (correct)

    • What is the function of hyaluronic acid in the body?

    <p>Acts as a lubricant in joints (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that differentiates polysaccharides?

    <p>The number of amino acids in the molecule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main product of glycolysis from one molecule of glucose?

    <p>2 Pyruvates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the phases of glycolysis is correct?

    <p>The preparatory phase consumes 2 ATP. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme activator is associated with fasting conditions?

    <p>Glucagon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does gluconeogenesis mainly occur in the body?

    <p>Kidney cortex and liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which of the following can gluconeogenesis generate glucose?

    <p>Amino acids (A), Lactate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the empirical formula for carbohydrates?

    <p>(CH2O)n (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of carbohydrates consists of 2 to 10 monosaccharides?

    <p>Oligosaccharides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of hexoses?

    <p>They contain six carbon atoms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of monosaccharide includes glucose and galactose?

    <p>Aldoses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a characteristic of carbohydrates?

    <p>They serve as the building blocks for proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a heteropolysaccharide?

    <p>Composed of different types of monosaccharides. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disaccharide?

    <p>Lactose (B), Maltose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of linkage connects monosaccharides in carbohydrates?

    <p>Glycosidic bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Cori cycle?

    <p>To transport lactate from muscle to liver and convert it back to glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about gluconeogenesis is true?

    <p>It requires energy in the form of ATP and GTP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of glycogen in the liver?

    <p>To maintain blood glucose levels during fasting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates glycogen breakdown in the muscle during physical activity?

    <p>Epinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily activates glycogenesis?

    <p>Insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does gluconeogenesis differ from glycolysis?

    <p>Glycolysis breaks down glucose while gluconeogenesis synthesizes it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an anabolic pathway?

    <p>Glycogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the well-fed state in carbohydrate metabolism?

    <p>Glycogen synthesis and glycolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Glycolysis

    A catabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate.

    Preparatory Phase

    The part of glycolysis where 2 ATP are consumed.

    Payoff Phase

    The part of glycolysis that produces 4 ATP and 2 NADH.

    Gluconeogenesis

    Biosynthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources.

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    Regulation of Glycolysis

    Three key enzymes regulated by insulin, ATP, and glucagon.

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    Polysaccharides

    Carbohydrates formed from long chains of monosaccharides.

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    Homopolysaccharides

    Polysaccharides made of only one type of monosaccharide.

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    Heteropolysaccharides

    Polysaccharides consisting of multiple types of monosaccharides.

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    Starch

    A branched polysaccharide made of glucose, used for energy storage in plants.

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    Glycogen

    A highly branched polysaccharide made of glucose, used for energy storage in animals.

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    Carbohydrates

    Hydrosoluble molecules with the empirical formula (CH2O)n.

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    Monosaccharides

    The simplest carbohydrates, serving as building blocks for larger polymers.

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    Oligosaccharides

    Carbohydrates formed by 2 to 10 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds.

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    Aldoses

    Monosaccharides with an aldehyde group.

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    Ketoses

    Monosaccharides containing a ketone group.

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    Disaccharides

    A carbohydrate formed by two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond.

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    Glycosidic Bonds

    The connections formed between monosaccharides in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.

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    Cori Cycle

    The process where lactate from muscles is converted to glucose in the liver and returned to muscles.

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    Glycogenolysis

    The breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose.

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    Glycogenesis

    The process of converting glucose into glycogen.

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    Regulation in Well-Fed State

    Insulin is released, promoting glycogen synthesis from glucose.

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    Regulation in Fasting State

    Glucagon promotes glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis to raise blood glucose.

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    Study Notes

    Carbohydrate Metabolism

    • Carbohydrates are hydrosoluble molecules.
    • Their empirical formula is (CH₂O)ₙ.
    • Monosaccharides are the building blocks of larger carbohydrates.
    • Monosaccharides function in energy storage, structural components, and cell identity markers.
    • Glucose is a vital monosaccharide for energy generation.

    Carbohydrate Classification

    • Monosaccharides are simple sugars.
    • Oligosaccharides consist of 2-10 monosaccharides bonded together by glycosidic bonds.
    • Polysaccharides consist of more than 10 monosaccharides.
    • Homopolysaccharides are made up of the same type of monosaccharide.
    • Heteropolysaccharides contain more than one type of monosaccharide.

    Monosaccharides

    • Monosaccharides are classified based on the carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone).
    • Aldoses have an aldehyde group, whereas ketoses have a ketone group.
    • Glucose, fructose, and galactose are important hexoses.
    • Ribose is an important pentose.

    Oligosaccharides

    • Oligosaccharides are formed from 2 to 10 monosaccharides linked via glycosidic bonds.
    • A common example is maltose.
    • Disaccharides such as lactose and sucrose have defined compositions.

    Polysaccharides

    • Polysaccharides are polymers with more than 10 monosaccharide units.
    • Starch and glycogen are storage forms of glucose in plants and animals, respectively.
    • Starch is less branched than glycogen.
    • Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls.
    • Hyaluronic acid is a heteropolysaccharide, functioning as a lubricant.

    Digestion of Carbohydrates

    • Digestion begins in the mouth, using enzymes like α-amylase.
    • Pancreatic α-amylase further breaks down starch.
    • Oligosaccharides in the small intestine are broken down to monosaccharides by enzymes like lactase and sucrase.
    • Monosaccharides are absorbed from the intestines.

    Glucose Homeostasis

    • Glucose is essential for brain function.
    • After a meal, blood glucose rises, triggering insulin release.
    • Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by cells and glycogen formation in the liver.
    • During fasting, glucagon is released, promoting glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis.

    Glycolysis

    • Glycolysis is a universal central pathway for glucose catabolism.
    • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
    • Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, releasing ATP.

    Gluconeogenesis

    • Gluconeogenesis forms glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.
    • It's a vital pathway during fasting and exercise.
    • Gluconeogenesis uses many but not all reversible steps of glycolysis.

    Cori Cycle

    • The Cori cycle is the metabolic pathway between skeletal muscle and the liver involving lactate, pyruvate, and glucose.
    • During vigorous exercise, lactate produced by the muscles is transported to the liver.

    Glycogen Metabolism

    • Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals.
    • Glycogenolysis breaks down glycogen to glucose.
    • Glycogenesis synthesizes glycogen from glucose.
    • Epinephrine and glucagon trigger glycogen breakdown.
    • Insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis.

    Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism

    • Hormones like insulin and glucagon regulate carbohydrate metabolism by influencing glycogen synthesis and breakdown, and glucose uptake by cells (in a well-fed or fasting state).
    • Exercise causes release of adrenaline, which influences glycogen breakdown and glycolysis.

    Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

    • Aerobic respiration involves oxygen and yields a large amount of ATP.
    • Anaerobic respiration produces far less ATP, as in fermentation.

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    Carbohydrate Metabolism PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential concepts of carbohydrate metabolism and classification in this quiz. Learn about monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, and understand their roles in energy storage and structural functions. Test your knowledge on key terms and classifications related to carbohydrates.

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