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What is a primary function of carbohydrates in biological systems?
What is a primary function of carbohydrates in biological systems?
Which of the following statements accurately describes monosaccharides?
Which of the following statements accurately describes monosaccharides?
Which classification of carbohydrates includes starch and glycogen?
Which classification of carbohydrates includes starch and glycogen?
How are aldo sugars primarily characterized?
How are aldo sugars primarily characterized?
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Which term refers to carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler units?
Which term refers to carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler units?
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What is the chemical composition of carbohydrates based on the elements they contain?
What is the chemical composition of carbohydrates based on the elements they contain?
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Which of the following is an example of an oligosaccharide?
Which of the following is an example of an oligosaccharide?
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What occurs to excess carbohydrates in the body?
What occurs to excess carbohydrates in the body?
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What is the number of chiral carbons present in aldotetroses?
What is the number of chiral carbons present in aldotetroses?
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Which of the following sugars has four chiral carbons?
Which of the following sugars has four chiral carbons?
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What type of carbohydrate is characterized by the presence of an aldehyde group?
What type of carbohydrate is characterized by the presence of an aldehyde group?
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In the context of mutarotation, which of the following statements is true?
In the context of mutarotation, which of the following statements is true?
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What distinguishes epimers from other stereoisomers?
What distinguishes epimers from other stereoisomers?
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Which of the following is the 4th epimer of glucose?
Which of the following is the 4th epimer of glucose?
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Which monosaccharide is structurally a part of ribonucleic acid (RNA)?
Which monosaccharide is structurally a part of ribonucleic acid (RNA)?
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What is the principal sugar carried by the blood in normal conditions?
What is the principal sugar carried by the blood in normal conditions?
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What differentiates glycoproteins from mucoproteins based on carbohydrate content?
What differentiates glycoproteins from mucoproteins based on carbohydrate content?
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Which of the following statements about heparin is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about heparin is incorrect?
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What is the primary structure responsible for the synthesis inhibition of the bacterial cell wall by penicillin?
What is the primary structure responsible for the synthesis inhibition of the bacterial cell wall by penicillin?
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Which of the following is a primary function of hyaluronic acid?
Which of the following is a primary function of hyaluronic acid?
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Where is chondroitin sulfate primarily found in the human body?
Where is chondroitin sulfate primarily found in the human body?
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Which type of isomerism describes compounds with the same molecular formula but differing spatial arrangements?
Which type of isomerism describes compounds with the same molecular formula but differing spatial arrangements?
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What characteristic defines a chiral carbon?
What characteristic defines a chiral carbon?
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What type of isomer is characterized by having only one chiral carbon difference?
What type of isomer is characterized by having only one chiral carbon difference?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the optical activity of substances?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the optical activity of substances?
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How do D- and L- monosaccharides differ in biological systems?
How do D- and L- monosaccharides differ in biological systems?
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Which of the following correctly identifies a property that enantiomers do NOT share?
Which of the following correctly identifies a property that enantiomers do NOT share?
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Which aldotetrose is recognized as the simplest carbohydrate?
Which aldotetrose is recognized as the simplest carbohydrate?
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Which pair of terms describes the relationship between D-lactic acid and its enantiomer?
Which pair of terms describes the relationship between D-lactic acid and its enantiomer?
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Which sugar is formed from the reduction of fructose?
Which sugar is formed from the reduction of fructose?
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What is the primary function of phytic acid in the diet?
What is the primary function of phytic acid in the diet?
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Which aminosugar is a component of heparin?
Which aminosugar is a component of heparin?
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What is a characteristic feature of D-fructose that distinguishes it from glucose?
What is a characteristic feature of D-fructose that distinguishes it from glucose?
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Which of the following sugars is incorporated into DNA?
Which of the following sugars is incorporated into DNA?
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What happens to glucose when heated with concentrated hydroiodic acid?
What happens to glucose when heated with concentrated hydroiodic acid?
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What is the structure formed by mannosamine and pyruvic acid?
What is the structure formed by mannosamine and pyruvic acid?
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In which form is D-fructose present in semen?
In which form is D-fructose present in semen?
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Which esters are formed from the hydroxyl groups of monosaccharides?
Which esters are formed from the hydroxyl groups of monosaccharides?
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Which type of linkage is formed in glycosides?
Which type of linkage is formed in glycosides?
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What property do monosaccharides exhibit when acting as reducing agents in alkaline conditions?
What property do monosaccharides exhibit when acting as reducing agents in alkaline conditions?
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What condition can be linked to the abnormal accumulation of sorbitol?
What condition can be linked to the abnormal accumulation of sorbitol?
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Which aminosugar is part of some blood group antigens?
Which aminosugar is part of some blood group antigens?
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What is the main chemical change observed in Benedict's reaction?
What is the main chemical change observed in Benedict's reaction?
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Which of the following components does not belong in the preparation of Benedict's reagent?
Which of the following components does not belong in the preparation of Benedict's reagent?
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What is a significant consequence of the Lobry de Bruyn-Van Ekenstein transformation?
What is a significant consequence of the Lobry de Bruyn-Van Ekenstein transformation?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates Chemistry
- Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that yield such compounds on hydrolysis.
- They include sugars, starches, and substances like bread, pasta, and rice.
- Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The elements are referred to as carbon hydrates.
- Carbohydrates provide tremendous biological importance
- They have a crucial role in energy oxidation, synthesis of components, storing chemical energy, and forming part of the cell structure, among other functions.
- They are associated with living organisms.
Classification of Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides (simple sugars): Cannot be further hydrolyzed into simpler units. Examples include glucose, galactose, ribose.
- Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides linked together via a dehydration reaction. Examples include sucrose, maltose.
- Trisaccharides: Three monosaccharides linked together.
- Oligosaccharides: Contain from two to ten monosaccharide units.
-
Polysaccharides: Composed of more than ten monosaccharide units. Examples include starch, glycogen.
- Homopolysaccharides: Contain only one type of sugar monomer.
- Heteropolysaccharides: Contain different types of sugar monomers.
Monosaccharides Classification
- Classified by the number of carbon atoms (trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses).
- Classified by their carbonyl group (aldehydes or ketones):
- Aldoses: Contain an aldehyde group.
- Ketoses: Contain a ketone group.
- Examples include glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose (in DNA), galactose
Physical Properties of Monosaccharides
- Sweet taste
- Solids at room temperature.
- Extremely soluble in water.
- High molecular weights.
- Glucose can dissolve in minute amounts of water to make a syrup (1g/1ml H₂O).
Relative Sweetness of Sugars
- Fructose is the sweetest monosaccharide, around 73% sweeter than sucrose.
- Other sugars have varying degrees of sweetness, relative to sucrose (1.00).
D and L Isomers
- Enantiomers: Mirror images of each other.
- Carbohydrates are designated as D or L based on the stereochemistry of the highest numbered chiral carbon.
- D-sugars are the more common form found in nature.
Mutarotation
- Alpha- and beta-anomers of monosaccharides can interconvert in solution.
- This process is known as mutarotation.
Reactions of Monosaccharides
- Hydrolysis: Breaking down disaccharides or polysaccharides into monosaccharides.
- Oxidation: Changing the aldehyde or ketone group into a carboxylic acid.
- Reduction: Converting an aldehyde or ketone to an alcohol.
- Sugar Ester Formation Formation of esters with acids.
- Osazone Formation: Formation of osazones, which can be used to identify specific sugars.
Other Sugar Derivatives
- Amino Sugars: Monosaccharides with an amino group instead of a hydroxyl group.
- Glycosides: Monosaccharides covalently bonded to other molecules (aglycon).
- Amino Sugar Acids:
- Deoxysugars: Monosaccharides where one or more oxygen atoms have been replaced by hydrogen atoms.
- Phytic Acid: An important chemical found in natural foods.
Important Glycosides
- Some Cardiac Glycoside examples include Digitoxin and digoxin (obtained from different types of digitalis herbs)
Disaccharides
- They are formed of two monosaccharides by glycosidic linkages. Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, Isomaltose are examples.
- Cellobiose, trehalose
Polysaccharides
- They are macromolecules, formed by joining a large number of monosaccharide units.
- Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Dextrans, Inulin.
Other Carbohydrates
- Heparin: anticoagulant
- Hyaluronic acid: connective tissue, synovial fluid as a component of joint lubricants.
- Chondroitin sulphate: present as ground substance in connective tissues
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Description
Test your knowledge on the chemistry of carbohydrates, including their structures, classifications, and biological roles. This quiz covers monosaccharides, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides, as well as the significance of carbohydrates in living organisms.
