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Questions and Answers
Which polysaccharide serves as the main storage form in plants?
Which polysaccharide serves as the main storage form in plants?
What distinguishes glycogen from starch?
What distinguishes glycogen from starch?
Which polysaccharide is unable to be hydrolyzed by the human body?
Which polysaccharide is unable to be hydrolyzed by the human body?
What is the primary function of heparin in the body?
What is the primary function of heparin in the body?
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Which disaccharide unit is a component of glycosaminoglycans?
Which disaccharide unit is a component of glycosaminoglycans?
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Which of the following types of heteropolysaccharides acts as a lubricant in synovial fluid?
Which of the following types of heteropolysaccharides acts as a lubricant in synovial fluid?
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What primary sugar units comprise cellulose?
What primary sugar units comprise cellulose?
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What role does dermatan sulfate play in the body?
What role does dermatan sulfate play in the body?
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Which of the following statements about carbohydrates is correct?
Which of the following statements about carbohydrates is correct?
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Which type of monosaccharide is primarily known as the blood sugar?
Which type of monosaccharide is primarily known as the blood sugar?
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What is the main biological role of fructose?
What is the main biological role of fructose?
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Which carbohydrate classification includes molecules with more than ten sugar units?
Which carbohydrate classification includes molecules with more than ten sugar units?
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Which monosaccharide is commonly involved in the formation of glycoproteins?
Which monosaccharide is commonly involved in the formation of glycoproteins?
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What is a key characteristic of aldonic acids?
What is a key characteristic of aldonic acids?
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Which of the following pairs correctly matches a monosaccharide with its biological importance?
Which of the following pairs correctly matches a monosaccharide with its biological importance?
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Which of the following carbohydrates cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller units?
Which of the following carbohydrates cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller units?
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What is the primary function of glucuronic acid in the body?
What is the primary function of glucuronic acid in the body?
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Which of the following is an example of a heterodisaccharide?
Which of the following is an example of a heterodisaccharide?
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Which compound is formed by the reduction of glucose?
Which compound is formed by the reduction of glucose?
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Which statement correctly describes deoxysugars?
Which statement correctly describes deoxysugars?
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Which type of glycosidic bond is found in cellobiose?
Which type of glycosidic bond is found in cellobiose?
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What distinguishes homodisaccharides from heterodisaccharides?
What distinguishes homodisaccharides from heterodisaccharides?
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Which sugar alcohol is derived from fructose?
Which sugar alcohol is derived from fructose?
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Which statement about sucrose is true?
Which statement about sucrose is true?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrate Chemistry
- Carbohydrates (CHO) are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- They contain more than one hydroxyl (OH) group and have a free active carbonyl group (either aldehyde or ketone).
- CHO serves as the primary energy source for tissues like the brain, muscles, and erythrocytes.
Carbohydrate Classification
- Simple carbohydrates are classified based on the number of sugar units they contain.
- Monosaccharides: Contain one sugar unit and cannot be hydrolyzed further.
- Disaccharides: Contain two sugar units.
- Oligosaccharides: Contain 3-10 sugar units.
- Complex carbohydrates are classified as polysaccharides, containing more than 10 sugar units.
Monosaccharides
- Examples of monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, galactose, and pentoses like ribose.
- Glucose is the primary blood sugar and is the main energy source for the brain and erythrocytes.
- Fructose is found in seminal plasma, providing energy for sperm.
- Galactose forms lactose in mammary glands and is involved in galactolipids and glycoproteins.
- Ribose participates in the formation of RNA, ATP, NAD & NADP, cAMP, and some vitamins.
- Monosaccharides can be modified to form derivatives.
Monosaccharide Derivatives
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Sugar acids:
- Aldonic acids: Formed by oxidizing the carbonyl group to a carboxylic group. Gluconic acid is an example; it is used in blood and urine glucose measurements.
- Uronic acids: Formed by oxidizing the last carbon. Glucuronic acid is involved in mucopolysaccharide formation and conjugation of bilirubin, steroids, and toxic substances.
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Sugar alcohols:
- Formed by reducing a monosaccharide.
- Examples include sorbitol from glucose and mannitol from mannose or fructose.
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Deoxysugars:
- Monosaccharides with one hydroxyl group replaced by a hydrogen atom.
- 2-Deoxy-D-ribose is a component of DNA.
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Amino sugars:
- One hydroxyl group is replaced by an amino group at the C-2 position.
- Amino sugars are found in glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins (e.g., glucosamine, galactosamine).
Disaccharides
- Disaccharides comprise two monosaccharide units linked by an O-glycosidic bond.
- Homodisaccharides: Formed by the combination of the same monosaccharide, such as maltose, isomaltose, and cellobiose.
- Heterodisaccharides: Formed by connecting different monosaccharides, such as sucrose and lactose.
- Important disaccharides include sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
Polysaccharides
- Polysaccharides (glycans) are complex carbohydrates containing more than ten monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.
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Homopolysaccharides: Composed of a single type of monosaccharide, examples include starch, glycogen, dextrin, cellulose, and inulin.
- Starch: A glucosan composed of amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched). It is the primary storage polysaccharide in plants and serves as a source of energy.
- Glycogen: A highly branched polymer of glucose, the primary storage polysaccharide in animals and humans, stored in the liver and muscle.
- Cellulose: Composed of β-D-glucose units. Humans lack the enzyme to hydrolyze cellulose, leading to its undigested passage through the digestive system. It contributes to fiber and promotes bowel regularity.
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Heteropolysaccharides: Contain more than one type of monosaccharide.
- Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs or Mucopolysaccharides): Long, unbranched chains consisting of repeating disaccharide units (sugar acids and amino sugars).
- GAGs are found in various tissues and have diverse functions, such as anticoagulation (heparin), cell surface components (heparan sulfate), lubrication and shock absorption (hyaluronic acid), and structural support (chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate).
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of carbohydrate chemistry, including their structure, classification, and functions. Learn about simple and complex carbohydrates, with a focus on monosaccharides and their significance as energy sources in the body.
