Carbohydrate Chemistry Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which type of carbohydrate consists of two sugar units?

Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

Oligosaccharides

Disaccharides (correct)

What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

C_n(H_2O)_n (correct)

C_nH_2O_n

C_n(H_2O)_{n-1}

C_nH_2O_{n+1}

Which of the following classifications of monosaccharides contains only three carbon atoms?

Tetrose

Pentose

Triose (correct)

Hexose

What functional group characterizes aldoses?

Aldehyde Group Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a type of carbohydrate that contains more than 10 sugar units?

Polysaccharides Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of an asymmetric carbon atom?

It is bonded to four different groups or atoms. Signup and view all the answers

What two properties does a substance containing an asymmetric carbon atom exhibit?

Optical Activity and Optical Isomerism Signup and view all the answers

How many isomers can a substance with two asymmetric carbon atoms have?

4 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an anomer?

Isomers obtained from the change of position of a hydroxyl group at the anomeric carbon. Signup and view all the answers

In the classification of monosaccharides, what characterizes D and L forms?

The position of the hydroxyl group attached to the carbon atom adjacent to the last aldehyde or ketone. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sugars is classified as a hexose?

Fructose Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about aldoses is true?

All aldoses are reducing sugars. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure represents D-Glucose in its straight chain form?

CHO - HO-C-H - H-C-OH - H-C-OH - CH2OH Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a property of monosaccharides?

They are insoluble in water. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sugars is a ketopentose?

D-Ribulose Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is not classified under aldoses according to the classification of sugars?

Fructose Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of optical activity in monosaccharides?

They can rotate plane polarized light. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the structure of a ketotriose?

Contains three carbons with a keto group. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Carbohydrate Chemistry

Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols
Carbohydrates serve as a source of energy (e.g., glucose) and form structural components of animal and plant cells (e.g., cellulose and chitin)
Carbohydrates can combine with lipids (glycolipids) or proteins (glycoproteins), forming parts of cell membranes and ground substance between tissues

Classification of Carbohydrates

Classified based on the number of sugar units:
- Monosaccharides (one sugar unit)
- Disaccharides (two sugar units)
- Oligosaccharides (3-10 sugar units)
- Polysaccharides (more than 10 sugar units)
Monosaccharides are further classified by:
- Number of carbon atoms (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, heptoses)
  - Triose: 3 carbon atoms
  - Tetrose: 4 carbon atoms
  - Pentose: 5 carbon atoms
  - Hexose: 6 carbon atoms
  - Heptose: 7 carbon atoms
- Functional group (aldose or ketose)
  - Aldoses: contain an aldehyde group
  - Ketoses: contain a ketone group

Important Sugars (Examples)

Table of important aldoses and ketoses, including their chemical formulas: (This table is found in image pages 7,8,9,10,11)
- Aldotriose: glycerose, dihydroxyacetone
- Aldotetrose: erythrose, erythrulose
- Aldopentose: ribose, ribulose, lyxose, xylose, arabinose-D-ribose
- Aldohexose: glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose
Examples of specific monosaccharides' structures are shown. (image pages 8,9,10)

Monosaccharides: Nomenclature

The suffix "-ose" indicates a sugar
Aldoses contain an aldehyde group
Ketoses contain a ketone group

Isomers

Isomers are compounds having the same molecular formula but different spatial configuration
Asymmetric carbon atoms (attached to 4 different groups/atoms):
- Any substance containing one asymmetric carbon atom has two isomers
- A substance with 2 or more asymmetric carbon atoms can exist in 2ⁿ isomers, where 'n' is the number of asymmetric carbon atoms

Enantiomers

Monosaccharides are classified into D and L forms based on the position of hydroxyl (-OH) groups on carbon atoms adjacent to the last CH₂OH. Most monosaccharides in mammals are of the D-configuration
Examples of isomers are shown. (Image page 20)

Pyranose and Furanose Forms

Stable ring structures of monosaccharides are pyranose (six-membered ring) or furanose (five-membered ring)
Most glucose exists in pyranose form. (Image page 21,22)

Anomers

Anomers are isomers obtained from the change of position of hydroxyl group attached to the anomeric carbon. (Image page 23,24)
Anomeric carbon: the carbon atom obtained from the active carbonyl sugar group.
- Carbon number 1 in aldoses
- Carbon number 2 in ketoses

Physical Properties

All monosaccharides are soluble in water
All monosaccharides exhibit optical activity

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of carbohydrates, their classification, and their roles in both energy provision and cellular structure. This quiz covers the different types of carbohydrates based on sugar units and carbon atom count, helping you understand their significance in biological systems.