Carbohydrates and Their Functions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following compounds is NOT classified as a carbohydrate?

  • Sucrose
  • Acetic Acid (correct)
  • Starch
  • Glucose

    • All compounds fitting the formula Cx(H2O)y are classified as carbohydrates.

    False

    Name one sweet carbohydrate commonly used in homes.

    Sucrose

    Carbohydrates primarily produced by __________ are a large group of naturally occurring organic compounds.

    <p>plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following carbohydrates with their description:

    <p>Glucose = A simple sugar used in energy production Starch = A storage form of glucose in plants Lactose = Sugar found in milk Sucrose = Common household sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following biomolecules plays a role in the functions of organisms alongside carbohydrates?

    <p>Nucleic Acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rhamnose is a compound that fits the carbohydrate definition based on its molecular formula.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

    <p>Cx(H2O)y</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a monosaccharide?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All polysaccharides are sweet in taste.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are oligosaccharides composed of?

    <p>Two to ten monosaccharide units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose is classified as an ___________ because it contains an aldehyde group.

    <p>aldose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of carbohydrates with their definitions:

    <p>Monosaccharides = Single sugar units Oligosaccharides = Two to ten sugar units Polysaccharides = Large sugar units Disaccharides = Two sugar units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reaction is used to prepare glucose from sucrose?

    <p>Boiling with dilute HCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All monosaccharides are reducing sugars.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular formula of glucose?

    <p>C6H12O6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sucrose is composed of glucose and ___________.

    <p>fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following carbohydrates with their types:

    <p>Starch = Polysaccharide Maltose = Disaccharide Galactose = Monosaccharide Cellulose = Polysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sugar results from the hydrolysis of starch?

    <p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose and fructose are isomers of each other.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'D' in D(+)-glucose represent?

    <p>The configuration relative to glyceraldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polysaccharides yield a __________ number of monosaccharides on hydrolysis.

    <p>large</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group characterizes ketoses?

    <p>Keto group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of starch is responsible for its water solubility?

    <p>Amylose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose is a non-reducing sugar.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of linkage connects the glucose units in cellulose?

    <p>C1-C4 glycosidic linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycogen is primarily stored in the ______ of animals.

    <p>liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the polysaccharides with their primary function:

    <p>Starch = Storage in plants Glycogen = Storage in animals Cellulose = Structural component in plants Chitin = Structural component in fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of starch?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All amino acids are essential for the body and must be obtained from diet.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes essential amino acids from nonessential amino acids?

    <p>Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The straight chain polysaccharide that forms the primary structural component of plant cell walls is ______.

    <p>cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is commonly associated with a sweet taste due to its name?

    <p>Glycine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amylopectin is soluble in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sugars are glucose and sucrose classified as?

    <p>monosaccharides and disaccharides respectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme that breaks down glycogen to glucose when needed is ______.

    <p>glycogen phosphorylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes amylose from amylopectin?

    <p>Amylose is a long unbranched chain, whereas amylopectin has a branched structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary dietary source of glucose for humans?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of proteins defined by?

    <p>The specific sequence of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All naturally occurring amino acids are optically active.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a zwitter ion?

    <p>A dipolar ion that contains both positive and negative charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The peptide bond is formed between the –COOH group and the –____ group.

    <p>NH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds and disulphide linkages?

    <p>Tertiary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrous proteins tend to be soluble in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when two amino acids combine?

    <p>Dipeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A tripeptide contains ____ amino acids.

    <p>three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of globular proteins?

    <p>High melting point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of protein structures with their characteristics:

    <p>Fibrous proteins = Insulin and albumins Globular proteins = Keratin and myosin Primary structure = Specific sequence of amino acids Secondary structure = a-helix and b-pleated sheet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins are composed of polypeptides linked by peptide bonds.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'native protein' refer to?

    <p>A protein that has a unique three-dimensional structure and biological activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A polypeptide with more than ______ amino acid residues is called a protein.

    <p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The secondary structure of proteins commonly includes which of the following?

    <p>a-helix and b-pleated sheet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a protein’s structure when it is subjected to physical or chemical changes?

    <p>The hydrogen bonds are disturbed, leading to denaturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the denaturation of proteins?

    <p>Secondary and tertiary structures are destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Egg white coagulation upon boiling is an example of protein denaturation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for the enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions?

    <p>Oxidoreductase enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamins B1, B2, B6, and B12 are classified as __________ soluble vitamins.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the vitamins with their deficiency diseases:

    <p>Vitamin A = Night blindness Vitamin B1 = Beri beri Vitamin C = Scurvy Vitamin D = Rickets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a correct statement regarding enzymes?

    <p>They are specific for a particular reaction and substrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most vitamins can be synthesized in the human body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compound is needed in small amounts in our diet to prevent specific diseases?

    <p>Vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose into glucose is called __________.

    <p>maltase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vitamins with their sources:

    <p>Vitamin C = Citrus fruits Vitamin K = Green leafy vegetables Vitamin D = Fish and egg yolk Vitamin A = Carrots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which configuration do compounds correlated with the D (+) isomer of glyceraldehyde have?

    <p>D-configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of enzymes?

    <p>To facilitate biochemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose can give Schiff’s test due to its aldehyde group.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary structure of a protein is altered during denaturation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms do glucose exist in?

    <p>a-form and b-form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed as a result of curdling in milk?

    <p>Lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cyclic structure of glucose is called __________ structure.

    <p>pyranose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'vitamine' was derived from __________ and amine.

    <p>vital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following disaccharides with their characteristics:

    <p>Sucrose = Non-reducing sugar Maltose = Reducing sugar Lactose = Found in milk Invert sugar = Obtained by hydrolysis of sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fructose has a ketonic functional group at carbon number 2.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining link in disaccharides formed between monosaccharides?

    <p>glycosidic linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After hydrolysis, sucrose produces D-(+)-glucose and D-(–)-________.

    <p>fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the monosaccharides with their configurations:

    <p>Glucose = D-(+) Fructose = D-(–) Galactose = b-D Glyceraldehyde = D (+) and L (-)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property distinguishes maltose as a reducing sugar?

    <p>It has a free aldehyde group at C1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cyclic structure of fructose is a six-membered ring.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common name for lactose?

    <p>milk sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anomers are isomers that differ in the configuration at the __________ carbon.

    <p>anomeric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape does the DNA molecule take according to Watson and Crick?

    <p>Double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The RNA molecule contains thymine as one of its nucleotide bases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of RNA mentioned?

    <p>messenger RNA (m-RNA), ribosomal RNA (r-RNA), transfer RNA (t-RNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA fingerprinting is used for identifying __________ individuals.

    <p>criminals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bases with their corresponding DNA/RNA types:

    <p>Adenine = Pairs with Thymine Cytosine = Pairs with Guanine Uracil = Only in RNA Thymine = Only in DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nucleic acids in the cell?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sugar in DNA is ribose.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature does DNA fingerprinting have compared to fingerprint patterns?

    <p>It cannot be altered by any known treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA, adenine pairs with __________.

    <p>thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scientists with their contributions:

    <p>James Watson = Proposed double helix structure Francis Crick = Co-discovered DNA structure Maurice Wilkins = Nobel prize winner Har Gobind Khorana = Worked on nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of nucleic acids?

    <p>Sequence of nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen bonds in DNA are formed between specific pairs of bases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two hormones regulate glucose levels in the blood?

    <p>Insulin and glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nucleotides are joined together by __________ linkage.

    <p>phosphodiester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vitamins is fat-soluble?

    <p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RNA contains thymine as one of its bases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic structural difference between starch and cellulose?

    <p>Starch is composed of alpha-glucose units while cellulose consists of beta-glucose units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main female sex hormone is called __________.

    <p>estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their primary functions:

    <p>Glucocorticoids = Control carbohydrate metabolism Estradiol = Control menstrual cycle Testosterone = Develop male characteristics Mineralocorticoids = Regulate water and salt excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions might result from an underactive adrenal cortex?

    <p>Addison's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The secondary structure of proteins can be affected by changes in temperature and pH levels.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are enzymes and why are they important in biological systems?

    <p>Enzymes are biocatalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells and are crucial for metabolic processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amino acids can act as __________ because they can donate and accept protons.

    <p>amphoteric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carbohydrate is considered a reducing sugar?

    <p>Maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iodized salt is used to prevent hypothyroidism caused by iodine deficiency.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does testosterone play in males?

    <p>Testosterone is responsible for the development of secondary male characteristics and contributes to reproductive functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins are polymers of _________ linked by peptide bonds.

    <p>amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the hydrolysis of sucrose?

    <p>Formation of glucose and fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biomolecules

    • Living systems are made of non-living atoms and molecules
    • Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living systems
    • Biomolecules include carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
    • Proteins and carbohydrates are essential in our diet
    • Simple molecules like vitamins and minerals are also important

    Carbohydrates

    • Primarily produced by plants
    • General formula: Cx(H2O)y
    • Examples: cane sugar, glucose, starch
    • Classified by their behavior on hydrolysis
      • Monosaccharides: Cannot be hydrolyzed further (glucose, fructose, ribose)
      • Oligosaccharides: Yield 2-10 monosaccharides on hydrolysis (e.g., disaccharides)
      • Polysaccharides: Yield many monosaccharides on hydrolysis (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
    • Reducing sugars reduce Fehling's and Tollens' reagents; all monosaccharides are reducing sugars
    • Classification of monosaccharides based on carbon number and functional group (aldose or ketose)
    • Glucose is an aldohexose, also known as dextrose, monomer of starch and cellulose
    • Glucose exists as cyclic hemiacetal structures (α- and β-forms)
    • Fructose is a ketohexose, naturally occurring monosaccharide
    • Disaccharides: Formed by glycosidic linkages between monosaccharides (e.g., sucrose, maltose, lactose)
      • Sucrose: Non-reducing sugar, formed from glucose and fructose
      • Maltose: Reducing sugar, formed from two glucose units
      • Lactose: Reducing sugar, formed from galactose and glucose
    • Polysaccharides: Larger polymers of monosaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
      • Starch: Plant storage polysaccharide, amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched)
      • Cellulose: Plant structural polysaccharide, linear chain of β-D-glucose units
      • Glycogen: Animal storage polysaccharide, highly branched, similar to amylopectin

    Proteins

    • Most abundant biomolecules in living systems
    • Derived from Greek word "proteios"
    • Polymers of α-amino acids
    • Amino acids contain amino and carboxyl groups, α-amino acids are obtained from hydrolysis
    • Amino acids are classified as acidic, basic, or neutral
    • Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained through diet
    • Amino acids exist in zwitterionic form in aqueous solution
    • Proteins are classified as fibrous or globular based on shape
    • Structure of proteins studied at four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
      • Primary: Sequence of amino acids
      • Secondary: Structures like α-helix and β-pleated sheets due to hydrogen bonds
      • Tertiary: Overall 3D folding of the polypeptide chain (stabilized by hydrogen bonds, disulfide linkages, and other forces)
      • Quaternary: Arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains
    • Denaturation: Loss of secondary and tertiary structure, but primary structure remains intact, caused by pH changes or temperature

    Enzymes

    • Biocatalysts that speed up reactions in living systems
    • Mostly globular proteins
    • Highly specific for a particular reaction and substrate
    • Named after the compound or reaction they catalyze
    • Reduce activation energy

    Vitamins

    • Organic compounds required in small amounts
    • Classified as fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B group and C)
    • Water-soluble vitamins must be supplied regularly

    Nucleic Acids

    • Polymers of nucleotides
    • DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, double helix structure, genetic code for proteins
    • RNA: Ribonucleic acid, single strand, involved in protein synthesis
    • Nucleotide structure: base + sugar + phosphate
    • Nucleosides: base + sugar
    • Complementary base pairing (DNA): A-T, C-G
    • Types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

    Hormones

    • Intercellular messengers
    • Produced by endocrine glands
    • Diverse chemical nature (steroids, polypeptides, amino acid derivatives)
    • Regulate biological activities, maintain balance in the body. Examples include insulin, glucagon, and sex hormones.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on carbohydrates with this quiz that explores their classification, sweet varieties, and molecular structures. Covering concepts from monosaccharides to polysaccharides, this quiz also addresses key reactions and definitions related to carbohydrates. Perfect for biology or chemistry students looking to reinforce their understanding.

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