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Questions and Answers
Which of the following are classified as simple sugars?
What function do carbohydrates serve in the body?
Which type of carbohydrate is characterized by long chains of sugar molecules?
What dietary treatment is commonly recommended for managing lactose intolerance?
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How can excessive carbohydrate intake impact health?
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What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes?
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Which symptom is commonly associated with Type 1 Diabetes?
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What distinguishes Type 2 Diabetes from Type 1 Diabetes?
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How does glycemic load provide a better measure for blood glucose response than glycemic index alone?
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Which dietary strategy is strongly recommended for managing Type 2 Diabetes?
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What are monosaccharides primarily characterized by?
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Which of the following is a disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose?
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Which type of bond is formed when monosaccharides join together to create disaccharides?
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What type of carbohydrate are raffinose and stachyose classified as?
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Which of the following polysaccharides is known for being indigestible due to beta-bonds?
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What is the primary function of indigestible carbohydrates?
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What initiates carbohydrate digestion in the human body?
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How is glucose primarily absorbed in the body?
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What is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes?
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What is the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of carbohydrates?
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What is the role of lactase in carbohydrate digestion?
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What is a likely consequence of excessive added sugars in the diet?
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Which hormone is primarily involved in regulating blood glucose levels?
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What is the primary role of digestible carbohydrates?
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Which process primarily occurs in the mouth during starch digestion?
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What happens to starch digestion in the stomach?
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Which type of transport is used for the absorption of glucose and galactose?
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What is a common symptom of primary lactose intolerance?
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Which of the following dairy products can be easier to tolerate for someone with lactose intolerance?
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How is excess glucose primarily stored in the body?
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Which carbohydrate type cannot be broken down and passes into the large intestine intact?
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What is one effect of fiber in the digestive system?
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What is the role of lactase in the body?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Plants produce glucose through photosynthesis.
Carbohydrate Classification
-
Simple sugars
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
-
Complex carbohydrates
- Oligosaccharides
- Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
- Single sugars with the chemical formula C6H12O6.
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Glucose
- Most abundant monosaccharide.
- Known as "blood sugar".
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Fructose
- Sweetest monosaccharide.
- Found in fruits, honey, and high-fructose corn syrup.
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Galactose
- Primarily combined with glucose to form lactose in the diet.
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Glucose
Sugar Alcohols
- Examples include sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol.
- Sweeten low- or no-sugar foods.
- Excess can cause gastrointestinal upset.
Pentoses
- Monosaccharides with 5 carbons.
- Examples include ribose and deoxyribose.
- Building blocks of RNA and DNA.
Disaccharides
- Two monosaccharides joined together by a condensation reaction.
- Links are through α or β bonds.
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Maltose
- Glucose + Glucose; found in seeds and alcoholic beverages.
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Sucrose
- Glucose + Fructose; table sugar.
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Lactose
- Glucose + Galactose; found in milk and milk products.
-
Maltose
Oligosaccharides
- 3-10 linked monosaccharides.
- Raffinose and stachyose are found in onions, cabbage, broccoli, and legumes.
- Contain β-bonds, making them indigestible.
- Fermented by bacteria in the large intestine.
Polysaccharides
-
Starch - digestible.
- Amylose and amylopectin are storage forms of carbohydrate in plants.
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Glycogen - not in the diet.
- Storage form of carbohydrate in animals.
- Storage capacity is limited.
- Fiber - indigestible.
Fiber
- Glucose molecules in fiber are linked by β-bonds, making it indigestible.
-
Benefits of fiber:
- Improves bowel health.
- Improves blood glucose control.
- Spares protein.
- Prevents ketosis.
- Reduces cholesterol absorption.
- Reduces risk of obesity.
- Reduces risk of diverticula.
Carbohydrate Digestion
- Mouth - salivary amylase begins breaking down polysaccharides.
- Stomach - digestion is halted due to stomach acid.
- Small intestine - pancreatic amylase breaks down polysaccharides, and intestinal enzymes break down disaccharides into monosaccharides.
Indigestible Carbohydrates
- Pass into the large intestine intact.
- Fermented by bacteria, producing short-chain fatty acids and gas.
- Some fibers pass through undigested.
Absorption of Monosaccharides
- Active transport for glucose and galactose.
- Requires a carrier and energy input.
- Facilitated diffusion for fructose.
- Requires a carrier, but no energy.
Transport, Usage, and Storage
- Monosaccharides are transported through the bloodstream and used by cells as an energy source.
- Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles or converted to fat and stored in fat cells.
Lactose Intolerance
- Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down lactose.
- Production decreases after early childhood.
- Primary lactose intolerance - insufficient lactase production.
- Secondary lactose intolerance - damage to lactase-producing cells in the small intestine.
- Symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea, gas, bloating.
Lactose Intolerance Treatment
- Recommendations are based on individual tolerance.
- Consume dairy products with meals.
- Try small amounts at a time.
- Yogurt and hard cheeses are lower in lactose.
- Use lactase products.
Type 1 Diabetes
- Typically presents between ages 8 and 12.
- Can occur at any age.
- Cause: autoimmune disorder that destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
-
Presentation:
- Lack of insulin.
- High blood glucose.
- Glucose present in urine.
Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms
- Frequent urination, excessive thirst, unexplained weight loss, extreme hunger, fatigue, blurred vision.
Type 1 Diabetes Treatment
- Insulin therapy.
- Nutrition therapy:
- Regular meals and snacks.
- Individualized dietary plans.
- Reduction in saturated fats and cholesterol.
Type 2 Diabetes
- Most common form of diabetes.
- Associated with inactivity and obesity.
- Cause: insulin resistance; cells lose responsiveness to insulin.
-
Treatment:
- Dietary modifications.
- Physical activity.
- Weight loss.
- Possibly oral medications or insulin injections.
Dietary Strategies for Managing Diabetes
-
Glycemic Index (GI):
- Ratio of blood glucose response of a food compared to glucose (value of 100).
- Influenced by food characteristics.
- Limitation: based on serving of food that would provide 50g of carbohydrate.
-
Glycemic Load (GL):
- Considers GI and the amount typically eaten.
- Better reflects a typical food's effect on blood glucose.
Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study
- Intensive lifestyle modification is effective in managing type 2 diabetes.
- Lifestyle interventions include weight loss, physical activity, and dietary changes.
Carbohydrate Recommendations
- RDA: 130 g/day.
- AMDR: 45-65% of total kcal.
- Added sugar intake should be limited to no more than 10% of total kcal.
- Excess intake of added sugars is associated with weight gain, dental caries, and lack of fiber.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of carbohydrates, including their composition, classification, and types of sugars. It delves into simple sugars like monosaccharides and disaccharides, as well as complex carbohydrates. Test your knowledge on the role and function of various carbohydrate forms in nutrition.
