Carbohydrates Chemistry Overview
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Questions and Answers

The property of ______ depends on the asymmetric carbon atom in the chemical structure of the substance.

optical activity

A substance containing one asymmetric carbon atom has ______ isomers.

two

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different spatial configurations are known as ______.

isomers

The stable ring structures of monosaccharides are similar to either pyran or ______.

<p>furan</p> Signup and view all the answers

The carbon atom obtained from the active carbonyl sugar group is known as the ______ carbon.

<p>anomeric</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbohydrates serve as a source of energy, for example, ______.

<p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monosaccharides cannot give a simpler form on ______.

<p>hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aldoses are monosaccharides that contain an ______ group.

<p>aldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

The general formula of monosaccharides is C______(H2O)n.

<p>n</p> Signup and view all the answers

The classification of carbohydrates is based on the number of sugar ______.

<p>units</p> Signup and view all the answers

The simplest aldose is D-______, a type of aldotriose.

<p>Glycerose</p> Signup and view all the answers

D-______ is an example of an aldotetrose.

<p>Erythrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

D-______ is a five-carbon sugar known as an aldopentose.

<p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

D-______ is a common aldohexose that serves as a key energy source.

<p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dihydroxyacetone is an example of a ______, which contains a ketone group.

<p>ketotriose</p> Signup and view all the answers

D-______ is a five-carbon sugar classified as a ketopentose.

<p>Ribulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

D-______, a six-carbon sugar, is an example of a ketohexose.

<p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Optical activity refers to the ability of a substance to rotate the plane polarized light to the ______ or to the left.

<p>right</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Monosaccharides

Simplest carbohydrates; cannot be broken down further by hydrolysis; contain one sugar unit.

Carbohydrates Role

Provide energy (e.g., glucose) and form structural components in living organisms (e.g., cellulose, chitin).

Aldose

A monosaccharide containing an aldehyde functional group.

General formula of monosaccharides

Cn(H₂O)n

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Disaccharide

A carbohydrate containing two sugar units.

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Ketoses

Sugars with a carbonyl group (ketone) within the carbon chain.

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Fructose

A common six-carbon ketose.

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Optical Activity

The ability of a substance to rotate plane-polarized light.

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Solubility of Monosaccharides

All monosaccharides dissolve in water.

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Asymmetric Carbon

A carbon atom bonded to four different groups or atoms, responsible for optical activity.

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Optical Isomerism

The existence of two or more stereoisomers (molecules with the same molecular formula but different spatial arrangements) that rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions.

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Number of Isomers Formula

A substance with 'n' asymmetric carbon atoms can exist in 2n isomers.

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Anomers

Isomers of a sugar molecule that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group attached to the anomeric carbon.

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Anomeric Carbon

The carbon atom in a sugar molecule that is obtained from the active carbonyl group; it is carbon 1 in aldoses and carbon 2 in ketoses.

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Study Notes

Carbohydrates Chemistry

  • Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols.
  • They serve as a primary source of energy, like glucose.
  • They form structural components in animals and plants (e.g., cellulose and chitin).
  • Carbohydrates can combine with lipids or proteins, forming components of cell membranes.
  • Carbohydrate classification is based on the number of sugar units:
    • Monosaccharides: one sugar unit.
    • Disaccharides: two sugar units.
    • Oligosaccharides: 3-10 sugar units.
    • Polysaccharides: more than 10 sugar units.
  • Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrate units.
  • General formula for monosaccharides is Cn(H2O)n
  • Monosaccharide nomenclature uses the suffix -ose.
    • Aldoses have an aldehyde group.
    • Ketoses have a ketone group.
  • Classification of monosaccharides can be based on the number of carbon atoms and functional groups.
    • A: Trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses are classified based on the number of carbon atoms they contain
    • B: Aldoses, ketoses are classified based on the functional group.
  • Important monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and ribose.
  • Carbohydrates can exist as different stereoisomers: -Enantiomers occur due to the presence of chiral or asymmetric carbon atoms,
  • Isomers have the same molecular formula, but differ in structure and spatial arrangement.
  • The term chiral refers to the presence of an asymmetric or chiral carbon atom.
  • Pyranose and furanose forms are more stable ring structures.
  • Glucose exists mainly in the pyranose form.
  • Anomers are isomers with different spatial arrangements around the anomeric carbon.
  • The anomeric carbon is determined by carbon number 1 for aldoses and 2 for ketoses.
  • Carbohydrates are soluble in water.
  • Carbohydrates exhibit optical activity.
  • Asymmetric carbon atoms are essential for optical activity.
  • Any substance containing asymmetric carbon atoms has two properties: -Optical activity -Optical isomerism.

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of carbohydrates, their classification, and their crucial role in biology. This quiz provides insights into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, while also touching upon their structural importance and energy functions. Test your knowledge on the derivatives of polyhydric alcohols and their nomenclature.

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