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Questions and Answers
What is the goal of accelerated radiation in treating breast cancer?
What is the goal of accelerated radiation in treating breast cancer?
To deliver the therapy needed to prevent recurrence of the disease in a shorter time frame.
What is brachytherapy, and how does it differ from external beam radiation?
What is brachytherapy, and how does it differ from external beam radiation?
Brachytherapy is a form of radiation that enables the client to complete her radiation in an even shorter time, and is not delivered via external beam. Instead, a deflated balloon is inserted into the space left by the lumpectomy and is filled with saline.
What is the purpose of adjuvant chemotherapy in treating breast cancer?
What is the purpose of adjuvant chemotherapy in treating breast cancer?
To eradicate or impede the growth of micrometastatic (microscopic cell metastasis) disease.
What is intraoperative radiation, and when is it used?
What is intraoperative radiation, and when is it used?
What is the difference between accelerated radiation and brachytherapy?
What is the difference between accelerated radiation and brachytherapy?
What is the role of radiation rods or seeds in brachytherapy?
What is the role of radiation rods or seeds in brachytherapy?
What are the indications for intraoperative radiation?
What are the indications for intraoperative radiation?
What is the goal of adjuvant systemic therapy in treating breast cancer?
What is the goal of adjuvant systemic therapy in treating breast cancer?
What is often used to treat cervical cancer with parametrial tissue laterally and uterosacral ligaments posteriorly?
What is often used to treat cervical cancer with parametrial tissue laterally and uterosacral ligaments posteriorly?
When is radiation used to treat cervical cancer?
When is radiation used to treat cervical cancer?
What is considered as an adjuvant therapy for cervical cancer?
What is considered as an adjuvant therapy for cervical cancer?
What is the purpose of progestational therapy in treating cervical cancer?
What is the purpose of progestational therapy in treating cervical cancer?
What is a common side effect of progestational therapy?
What is a common side effect of progestational therapy?
Who is the author of the study mentioned in the passage?
Who is the author of the study mentioned in the passage?
What is the risk associated with using radiation to treat cervical cancer?
What is the risk associated with using radiation to treat cervical cancer?
What is the goal of surgical treatment options for cervical cancer?
What is the goal of surgical treatment options for cervical cancer?
What is the criteria for performing abdominal hysterectomy for leiomyomas?
What is the criteria for performing abdominal hysterectomy for leiomyomas?
What is the purpose of attaching the supporting ligaments to the vaginal cuff during hysterectomy?
What is the purpose of attaching the supporting ligaments to the vaginal cuff during hysterectomy?
What is the difference between LAVH and LASH?
What is the difference between LAVH and LASH?
What is an important preoperative assessment for a woman considering hysterectomy?
What is an important preoperative assessment for a woman considering hysterectomy?
What is one of the benefits of preoperative education for women considering hysterectomy?
What is one of the benefits of preoperative education for women considering hysterectomy?
What is the purpose of preoperative and postoperative procedures?
What is the purpose of preoperative and postoperative procedures?
What is an alternative to traditional abdominal hysterectomy?
What is an alternative to traditional abdominal hysterectomy?
What resource is available to help women make decisions about treatment for leiomyomas?
What resource is available to help women make decisions about treatment for leiomyomas?
What is a common symptom of a cystocele?
What is a common symptom of a cystocele?
What is the goal of surgery in treating a cystocele?
What is the goal of surgery in treating a cystocele?
What is often combined with an anterior repair to treat a cystocele?
What is often combined with an anterior repair to treat a cystocele?
What type of exercises can help strengthen pelvic floor muscles in patients with a cystocele?
What type of exercises can help strengthen pelvic floor muscles in patients with a cystocele?
What may be recommended to patients with a cystocele to relieve symptoms of pressure?
What may be recommended to patients with a cystocele to relieve symptoms of pressure?
What is a visible symptom of a cystocele in some cases?
What is a visible symptom of a cystocele in some cases?
What is the name of the surgical procedure used to treat a cystocele?
What is the name of the surgical procedure used to treat a cystocele?
According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, what is the year of the publication cited in the text?
According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, what is the year of the publication cited in the text?
Why is the early introduction of systemic adjuvant therapy considered a prudent course of treatment?
Why is the early introduction of systemic adjuvant therapy considered a prudent course of treatment?
What is the purpose of the Oncotype DX test?
What is the purpose of the Oncotype DX test?
What is the goal of neoadjuvant therapy?
What is the goal of neoadjuvant therapy?
What is the role of receptor assays in determining a woman's candidacy for hormonal therapy?
What is the role of receptor assays in determining a woman's candidacy for hormonal therapy?
Why may chemotherapy be strongly considered for women with a high Oncotype DX score?
Why may chemotherapy be strongly considered for women with a high Oncotype DX score?
What can happen to tumor cells as a result of mutations?
What can happen to tumor cells as a result of mutations?
What is the significance of hormone receptor positive and HER2/neu negative status in breast cancer?
What is the significance of hormone receptor positive and HER2/neu negative status in breast cancer?
Why can't it be confidently predicted that all tumors of 1 cm or less can be cured with initial local and regional treatment?
Why can't it be confidently predicted that all tumors of 1 cm or less can be cured with initial local and regional treatment?
What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?
What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?
How does ovarian cancer typically spread?
How does ovarian cancer typically spread?
What is the usual treatment for ovarian cancer?
What is the usual treatment for ovarian cancer?
What is the significance of timing in ovarian cancer treatment?
What is the significance of timing in ovarian cancer treatment?
Who are the women with the highest incidence of ovarian cancer?
Who are the women with the highest incidence of ovarian cancer?
What are the possible signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer?
What are the possible signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer?
What is the importance of evaluating risks to the woman and the fetus in ovarian cancer treatment?
What is the importance of evaluating risks to the woman and the fetus in ovarian cancer treatment?
Why is it essential to consider the woman's age and health status in ovarian cancer treatment?
Why is it essential to consider the woman's age and health status in ovarian cancer treatment?
What are some risk factors for persistent HPV infections?
What are some risk factors for persistent HPV infections?
Which racial/ethnic groups have the highest incidence of cervical cancer in the United States?
Which racial/ethnic groups have the highest incidence of cervical cancer in the United States?
What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?
What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?
What is the primary treatment for microinvasive cancer?
What is the primary treatment for microinvasive cancer?
What is the role of chemoradiation therapy in treating early-stage invasive cancer?
What is the role of chemoradiation therapy in treating early-stage invasive cancer?
What is a potential limitation of cervical cancer screening in the United States?
What is a potential limitation of cervical cancer screening in the United States?
What is the significance of socioeconomic status in cervical cancer incidence?
What is the significance of socioeconomic status in cervical cancer incidence?
What are the late symptoms of cervical cancer?
What are the late symptoms of cervical cancer?
What are some of the risk factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or other immunocompromising conditions in the development of cervical cancer?
What are some of the risk factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or other immunocompromising conditions in the development of cervical cancer?
What is the most widely used method to detect preinvasive cervical cancer?
What is the most widely used method to detect preinvasive cervical cancer?
What are some potential chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of cervical cancer?
What are some potential chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of cervical cancer?
What surgical treatment options are available for cervical cancer?
What surgical treatment options are available for cervical cancer?
What are some of the disparities in cervical cancer incidence?
What are some of the disparities in cervical cancer incidence?
What is the importance of taking a thorough history in diagnosing cervical cancer?
What is the importance of taking a thorough history in diagnosing cervical cancer?
What are some potential symptoms of cervical cancer?
What are some potential symptoms of cervical cancer?
What are some potential nutrients being investigated as risk factors for cervical cancer?
What are some potential nutrients being investigated as risk factors for cervical cancer?
What type of growths are carcinomas, which infiltrate surrounding tissue?
What type of growths are carcinomas, which infiltrate surrounding tissue?
What is the importance of trying several approaches for a number of months before noting improvement in treating cervical cancer?
What is the importance of trying several approaches for a number of months before noting improvement in treating cervical cancer?
What is the benefit of using evening primrose oil in treating cervical cancer?
What is the benefit of using evening primrose oil in treating cervical cancer?
Why is it essential to consider the woman's age and health status in ovarian cancer treatment?
Why is it essential to consider the woman's age and health status in ovarian cancer treatment?
What is the significance of timing in ovarian cancer treatment?
What is the significance of timing in ovarian cancer treatment?
What is the usual treatment for ovarian cancer?
What is the usual treatment for ovarian cancer?
What are the possible signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer?
What are the possible signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer?
Why are disparities in cervical cancer incidence a concern?
Why are disparities in cervical cancer incidence a concern?
What are some possible causes of breast cancer that are currently being researched, but have not been substantiated as definitive causes?
What are some possible causes of breast cancer that are currently being researched, but have not been substantiated as definitive causes?
What is the prognosis for breast cancer diagnosed in the early stages?
What is the prognosis for breast cancer diagnosed in the early stages?
When can chemotherapy be considered for pregnant women with breast cancer?
When can chemotherapy be considered for pregnant women with breast cancer?
What is the significance of genetic mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in breast cancer?
What is the significance of genetic mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in breast cancer?
What is the role of radiation in treating breast cancer during pregnancy?
What is the role of radiation in treating breast cancer during pregnancy?
What is the route of distal spread of breast cancer?
What is the route of distal spread of breast cancer?
What is the significance of HNPCC in breast cancer?
What is the significance of HNPCC in breast cancer?
What is the significance of early diagnosis in breast cancer treatment?
What is the significance of early diagnosis in breast cancer treatment?
What is the significance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in relation to cancer?
What is the significance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in relation to cancer?
What are the possible signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer?
What are the possible signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer?
How does cancer typically spread in the body?
How does cancer typically spread in the body?
What is the significance of early diagnosis in cancer treatment?
What is the significance of early diagnosis in cancer treatment?
Who are the women with the highest incidence of ovarian cancer?
Who are the women with the highest incidence of ovarian cancer?
What is the role of chemotherapy in cancer treatment?
What is the role of chemotherapy in cancer treatment?
What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?
What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?
What is the importance of considering risks to the woman and the fetus in cancer treatment?
What is the importance of considering risks to the woman and the fetus in cancer treatment?
What is the usual treatment for ovarian cancer?
What is the usual treatment for ovarian cancer?
What is the significance of age and health status in cancer treatment?
What is the significance of age and health status in cancer treatment?
What is the significance of evaluating risks to the woman and the fetus in ovarian cancer treatment?
What is the significance of evaluating risks to the woman and the fetus in ovarian cancer treatment?
What are the risk factors for persistent HPV infections?
What are the risk factors for persistent HPV infections?
What is the significance of HPV infection in cervical cancer?
What is the significance of HPV infection in cervical cancer?
What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?
What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?
Which racial/ethnic groups have the highest incidence of cervical cancer in the United States?
Which racial/ethnic groups have the highest incidence of cervical cancer in the United States?
How does ovarian cancer typically spread?
How does ovarian cancer typically spread?
Which racial/ethnic groups have the highest incidence of cervical cancer in the United States?
Which racial/ethnic groups have the highest incidence of cervical cancer in the United States?
What is the importance of cervical cancer screening?
What is the importance of cervical cancer screening?
What is the purpose of treatment for invasive cervical cancer?
What is the purpose of treatment for invasive cervical cancer?
What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?
What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?
What is the significance of socioeconomic status in cervical cancer incidence?
What is the significance of socioeconomic status in cervical cancer incidence?
What is the role of conization in treating microinvasive cancer?
What is the role of conization in treating microinvasive cancer?
What are the factors that influence the incidence of cervical cancer in the United States?
What are the factors that influence the incidence of cervical cancer in the United States?
What is the association between sexually transmitted infections and cervical cancer?
What is the association between sexually transmitted infections and cervical cancer?
What is the purpose of the Pap test in cervical cancer screening?
What is the purpose of the Pap test in cervical cancer screening?
What is the goal of treatment for preinvasive cancer of the cervix?
What is the goal of treatment for preinvasive cancer of the cervix?
What is the role of chemotherapy in treating cervical cancer?
What is the role of chemotherapy in treating cervical cancer?
What is the criteria for performing a hysterectomy in cervical cancer treatment?
What is the criteria for performing a hysterectomy in cervical cancer treatment?
What is the disparity in cervical cancer incidence among racial/ethnic groups in the United States?
What is the disparity in cervical cancer incidence among racial/ethnic groups in the United States?
What is the relationship between HPV infections and cervical cancer development?
What is the relationship between HPV infections and cervical cancer development?
What is the role of radiation therapy in treating cervical cancer?
What is the role of radiation therapy in treating cervical cancer?
What is the significance of vitamin deficiencies in cervical cancer development?
What is the significance of vitamin deficiencies in cervical cancer development?
What are the risk factors for persistent HPV infections that may lead to cervical cancer?
What are the risk factors for persistent HPV infections that may lead to cervical cancer?
What is the significance of evaluating risks to the woman and the fetus in ovarian cancer treatment?
What is the significance of evaluating risks to the woman and the fetus in ovarian cancer treatment?
Which racial/ethnic groups have the highest incidence of cervical cancer in the United States?
Which racial/ethnic groups have the highest incidence of cervical cancer in the United States?
What is the purpose of receptor assays in determining a woman's candidacy for hormonal therapy?
What is the purpose of receptor assays in determining a woman's candidacy for hormonal therapy?
What is the goal of neoadjuvant therapy in treating breast cancer?
What is the goal of neoadjuvant therapy in treating breast cancer?
What is the significance of hormone receptor positive and HER2/neu negative status in breast cancer?
What is the significance of hormone receptor positive and HER2/neu negative status in breast cancer?
Why may chemotherapy be strongly considered for women with a high Oncotype DX score?
Why may chemotherapy be strongly considered for women with a high Oncotype DX score?
What is the usual treatment for ovarian cancer?
What is the usual treatment for ovarian cancer?
Study Notes
Treatment for Endometrial Cancer
- Wide excision of parametrial tissue laterally and uterosacral ligaments posteriorly is often used to treat this condition.
- Radiation can be used when there has been cancerous extension to the cervix, but it increases the risk of developing lymphedema.
- Adjuvant therapy with chemotherapy may also be considered.
- Progestational therapy, such as medroxyprogesterone (Provera) and megestrol (Megace), is used to slow the growth of endometrial cancer.
Hysterectomy
- Abdominal hysterectomy is usually performed for leiomyomas larger than a uterus at 12 to 14 weeks of gestation or for multiple leiomyomas.
- The uterus is removed through either a vertical or a transverse incision.
- Vaginal approaches can be used for smaller tumors.
- In both abdominal and vaginal approaches, the uterus is removed from the supporting ligaments (broad, round, and uterosacral).
- Alternatives to these procedures are laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) and laparoscopic-assisted supracervical hysterectomy (LASH).
Preoperative Assessments
- Preoperative assessments needed before surgery include the woman's knowledge of treatment options, her desire for future fertility if she is premenopausal, and the benefits and risks of each procedure.
- Preoperative and postoperative procedures, as well as the recovery process, must be explained to the woman.
- Psychologic assessment is essential, particularly for a woman who is scheduled for a hysterectomy.
Radiation Therapy
- Accelerated radiation delivers a slightly larger dose of radiation over a 3-week period.
- Skin changes (resembling sunburn) can be slightly more prevalent due to the more intense period of time and corresponding dosage.
- Brachytherapy enables the client to complete her radiation in an even shorter time and is not delivered via external beam.
- Partial breast radiation is delivered, recognizing that most local recurrences happen at or near the location of the original cancer.
Adjuvant Systemic Therapy
- Chemotherapy administered soon after surgical removal of the tumor is referred to as adjuvant chemotherapy.
- The role of adjuvant chemotherapy is to eradicate or impede the growth of micrometastatic disease.
- Adjuvant therapy may help to destroy undetected cancers that were not surgically removed.
Surgical Repair for Cystocele
- Surgery involves placement of the bladder back into its normal position and supportive stitch insertion to hold together the muscles and tissue surrounding the bladder.
- An anterior repair is often combined with a vaginal hysterectomy.
- Physical therapy may be recommended to help strengthen pelvic floor muscles and relieve some of the symptoms of pressure caused by the cystocele.
Cervical Cancer
- Risk factors for persistent HPV infections include early age (younger than 20 years) at first coitus, multiple sexual partners, a sexual partner with a history of multiple sexual partners, high parity, and lower socioeconomic status.
- Factors that may influence the increased incidence of cervical cancer include decreased access to screening opportunities or follow-up treatment.
- Preinvasive cancer of the cervix is often asymptomatic, but as the cancer progresses, symptoms may include heavy or irregular vaginal bleeding, postcoital bleeding, and watery, mucoid, or purulent discharge.
- Microinvasive cancer is usually treated with conization, but a hysterectomy is often done if childbearing is not desired.
Ovarian Cancer
- Risk factors for ovarian cancer include women with obesity, later-in-life pregnancies or nulliparity, use of hormone therapy following menopause, family history of ovarian, colorectal, or breast cancer, and genetic mutations.
- Non-Hispanic White women of North American or northern European descent have the highest incidence of ovarian cancer.
- Symptoms may include abdominal pain/discomfort, pelvic or lower back pain, and vaginal passage of stool.
- Diagnosis includes taking a history that includes information about menstrual and sexual activity, and ultrasound imaging.
- Treatment typically involves surgery (laparotomy or laparoscopy), and the timing depends on the evaluation of risks to the woman and the fetus.
General Treatment
- Surgery is the usual treatment for cervical cancer, and the timing depends on the evaluation of risks to the woman and the fetus.
- Radiation therapy is contraindicated during pregnancy, but chemotherapy can be considered in the second or third trimester if absolutely necessary.
- In most cases, the prognosis is good due to early diagnosis, and the 5-year survival rate is high.
Cervical Cancer
- Risk factors for persistent HPV infections include early age (younger than 20 years) at first coitus, multiple sexual partners, a sexual partner with a history of multiple sexual partners, high parity, and lower socioeconomic status.
- Factors that may influence the increased incidence of cervical cancer include decreased access to screening opportunities or follow-up treatment.
- Preinvasive cancer of the cervix is often asymptomatic, but as the cancer progresses, symptoms may include heavy or irregular vaginal bleeding, postcoital bleeding, and watery, mucoid, or purulent discharge.
- Microinvasive cancer is usually treated with conization, but a hysterectomy is often done if childbearing is not desired.
Ovarian Cancer
- Risk factors for ovarian cancer include women with obesity, later-in-life pregnancies or nulliparity, use of hormone therapy following menopause, family history of ovarian, colorectal, or breast cancer, and genetic mutations.
- Non-Hispanic White women of North American or northern European descent have the highest incidence of ovarian cancer.
- Symptoms may include abdominal pain/discomfort, pelvic or lower back pain, and vaginal passage of stool.
- Diagnosis includes taking a history that includes information about menstrual and sexual activity, and ultrasound imaging.
- Treatment typically involves surgery (laparotomy or laparoscopy), and the timing depends on the evaluation of risks to the woman and the fetus.
General Treatment
- Surgery is the usual treatment for cervical cancer, and the timing depends on the evaluation of risks to the woman and the fetus.
- Radiation therapy is contraindicated during pregnancy, but chemotherapy can be considered in the second or third trimester if absolutely necessary.
- In most cases, the prognosis is good due to early diagnosis, and the 5-year survival rate is high.
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Description
This quiz is about surgical and radiation treatments for cancer, including wide excision of parametrial tissue and uterosacral ligaments. Learn about the treatment options for cancerous extensions.
