Surgery and Cancer Treatment Quiz
50 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal when performing surgery for localized tumors?

  • To remove only the tumor without regarding surrounding tissue
  • To resect all neoplastic tissue with wide margins (correct)
  • To minimize all surgical costs involved
  • To utilize surgical approaches that require minimal recovery time

    • Which of the following is a method to prevent surgical spread of cancer cells?

  • Using the same gloves throughout the procedure
  • Expanding the manipulation of the tumor during resection
  • Avoiding the protection of healthy tissues during surgery
  • Changing instruments and gloves if contamination is suspected (correct)

    • Based on the table, which procedure is associated with a high level of invasiveness and the need for general anesthesia?

  • Excise procedure (correct)
  • Needle core biopsy
  • Incise procedure
  • Punch biopsy

    • Which statement about the manipulation of the tumor during surgery is accurate?

    <p>Minimizing manipulation helps to prevent cancer cell spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of surgical procedures, what does the abbreviation 'GA' most likely refer to?

    <p>General anesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant use of radiotherapy in cancer treatment?

    <p>To reduce the size of the tumor before surgery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is commonly associated with cystadenoma/carcinoma?

    <p>Nodular dermatofibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of using Cisplatin in dogs?

    <p>Renal toxicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Asparaginase is correct?

    <p>Antihistamines should be given as a precaution before administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a noteworthy adverse effect of using Vincristine?

    <p>Paralytic ileus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a known genetic predisposition for developing soft tissue sarcomas?

    <p>Boxers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following soft tissue sarcomas is described as invasive and aggressive but with uncommon metastasis?

    <p>Liposarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT listed as a potential cause of soft tissue sarcomas?

    <p>Poor diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical behavior of hemangiopericytoma in dogs?

    <p>Infiltrative with common recurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the metastasis rate for localized extramedullary plasmacytomas?

    <p>10% to 20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic finding in the diagnosis of multiple myeloma in dogs?

    <p>Monoclonal gammopathy, usually IgG or IgA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is least likely associated with multiple myeloma in dogs?

    <p>Polycythemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed treatment for dogs diagnosed with multiple myeloma?

    <p>Symptomatic treatment with prednisone and chlorambucil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be present for a diagnosis of multiple myeloma?

    <p>Three specific abnormalities including plasmacytosis in bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) compared to acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in dogs is true?

    <p>Prognosis for CLL is better than for ALL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical metastatic rate of FISS?

    <p>28%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer is characterized by rapid growth and invasive behavior, particularly affecting German shepherd dogs?

    <p>Hemangiosarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first-line treatment for sarcomas like FISS when possible?

    <p>Surgical excision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is generally recommended after incomplete excision of a tumor?

    <p>Chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are hemangiosarcomas commonly located?

    <p>Spleen, heart, and skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of mast cell tumors is associated with a better prognosis?

    <p>Slow growth rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is NOT listed as being at higher risk for developing mast cell tumors?

    <p>Poodles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tumors in dogs is associated with a higher aggressiveness?

    <p>Preputial tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign of visceral mast cell tumors in animals?

    <p>Anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is NOT typically used for mast cell tumors?

    <p>Ultrasound of the abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tumors are predominantly associated with injection-site sarcomas in felines?

    <p>Fibrosarcomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the aggressiveness of injection-site sarcomas indicated in felines?

    <p>By the number of giant cells present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is typically necessary to confirm excision completeness of tumors?

    <p>Histopathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign associated with visceral mast cell tumors in pets?

    <p>Anorexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates malignant tumors from benign ones in the context of diagnosis?

    <p>Rate of growth and invasiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the median survival time (MST) for cats with tumors larger than 3 cm?

    <p>4-5 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is crucial for determining prognosis in dogs with tumors?

    <p>Histologic grade and stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of patients with benign tumors develop new masses within 2 years post-surgery?

    <p>26%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate for invasive or metastatic tumors?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carcinoma is more likely to metastasize compared to adenocarcinomas?

    <p>Ductular carcinomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation between spaying and the risk of developing mammary gland neoplasia in dogs?

    <p>Spaying before the first estrus significantly reduces the risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone tumor in dogs is generally more likely to metastasize to bone?

    <p>Carcinomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the long-term prognosis for dogs affected by chondrosarcomas?

    <p>Poor despite surgical resection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the bone do primary tumors typically occur in relation to metastatic tumors?

    <p>Metaphysis for primary tumors, diaphysis for metastatic tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of hemangiosarcomas in dogs?

    <p>They follow fibrosarcomas in frequency as bone tumors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prognosis is associated with cats that have tumors greater than 3 cm in diameter?

    <p>MST of 4-5 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding benign tumors in dogs is true?

    <p>About 26% can develop new masses within 2 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment of choice for sebaceous gland adenocarcinomas in dogs?

    <p>Surgical excision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tumor is most likely to have a significant risk of metastasis in dogs?

    <p>Ductular carcinomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In older dogs, what can papillomas potentially develop into if they do not regress?

    <p>Squamous cell carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Oncology Principles

    • Considerations for diagnosis include patient age, sex, breed, and other characteristics.
    • Radiotherapy can be used for local or regional tumors, before surgery to reduce tumor size, with chemotherapy, or after surgery.

    Cystadenoma/Carcinoma

    • Dominant gene in some cases
    • Nodular dermatofibrosis can occur
    • Uterine leiomyomas
    • Bilateral symmetric alopecia
    • Smooth, glossy skin appearance
    • Paraneoplastic neoplasia can develop

    Asparaginase

    • Can cause rare immunosuppression
    • Administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously
    • Generally well tolerated
    • Repeat doses of asparaginase may be required
    • Antihistamines can be used to pre-treat hypersensitivity reactions
    • Pancreatitis is a potential side effect

    Vincristine

    • Can lead to paralytic ileus

    CCNU

    • Associated with liver toxicity

    Cisplatin

    • Can cause fatal pulmonary embolism in cats
    • Nausea is a common side effect
    • Renal toxicity in dogs

    Principles of Therapy

    Surgery

    • Most useful for localized tumors
    • Resect neoplastic tissue with wide margins to maximize removal
    • Minimize tumor manipulation during surgery to prevent spreading cancer cells
    • Protect healthy tissues from tumor cell contamination
    • Change gloves, drapes, and instruments if necessary to maintain sterility

    Invasive Sample Value GA Complicate

    • FNA (Fine Needle Aspiration):
      • Low invasiveness
      • Small tissue sample size
      • Cytology (cell study)
      • No specific complication
      • Low GA (General Anesthesia) risk
    • Needle Core:
      • Medium invasiveness
      • Medium tissue sample size
      • Histopathology (tissue study)
      • Local complications
      • Medium GA risk
    • Punch:
      • Medium invasiveness
      • Small to medium tissue sample size
      • Histopathology
      • Local complications
      • Medium GA risk
    • Incise:
      • High invasiveness
      • Low tissue sample size
      • Histopathology
      • Local or GA complications
      • High GA risk
    • Excise:
      • High invasiveness
      • Whole tissue sample
      • Histopathology and cytology
      • GA required
      • High GA risk

    Sarcomas and Mast Cell Tumors

    Soft Tissue Sarcomas

    • Cause:
      • Unknown
      • Genetics may increase risk in some breeds
      • Viral agents may play a role
      • Chemical carcinogens, ionizing radiation, chronic tissue inflammation, trauma, and vaccinations are potential causes
    • Biological Behavior:
      • Often invasive and infiltrative with poorly defined margins
      • Metastasis depends on tumor grade
    • Types:
      • Liposarcoma:
        • Originates from adipocytes (fat cells)
        • Rare, invasive, and aggressive
        • Metastasis is less common
      • Hemangiopericytoma:
        • Originates from pericytes (cells surrounding arterioles)
        • Common in German Shepherd dogs
        • Infiltrative
        • Recurrence is frequent
        • Rarely metastasizes
        • Often found on extremities
    • Fibrosarcoma:
      • Common
      • Invasive with slow growth
      • Metastasis is uncommon except for injection-site sarcomas

    Extramedullary Plasmacytoma

    • Oral or cutaneous extramedullary plasmacytomas are often benign
    • Gl extramedullary plasmacytomas act like malignancies
    • Excision may be attempted for localized tumors
    • Metastasis rate varies depending on the tumor type (low to high)

    Plasma Cell Neoplasia

    Multiple Myeloma

    • Clinical Signs:
      • Usually seen in older dogs with no sex predilection
      • Nonspecific signs like anorexia, listlessness, polyuria, and polydipsia
      • Lameness caused by bone pain
      • Epistaxis (nosebleeds) and gingival bleeding (hyperviscosity syndrome)
    • Diagnosis:
      • Approximately 75% of cases show a monoclonal gammopathy, primarily IgG or IgA.
      • Bence Jones proteins may be present in urine.
      • Nonregenerative, normocytic, normochromic anemia is common.
      • Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and circulating abnormal plasma cells are seen in some cases.
      • Hypercalcemia due to bone resorption occurs in about 20% of cases.
      • Diagnosis requires three abnormalities: plasmacytosis in the bone marrow, osteolytic bone lesions, and serum/urine myeloma protein.
    • Neoplastic Cells:
      • More than 5% neoplastic cells or 10-20% plasma cells in the bone marrow.
    • Differential Diagnosis:
      • Ehrlichiosis can also cause monoclonal gammopathy.

    FISS (Feline injection-site Sarcoma)

    • Histologically distinct from other sarcomas
    • Metastasis rate is 28% (primarily to the lungs)
    • Cause is unknown
    • Injection site lump present for at least 3 months
    • Tumor diameter larger than 2 cm or increased size within one month after vaccination suggests surgical intervention.

    Hemangiosarcoma

    • Originates from the endothelium of blood vessels (inner lining of blood vessels)
    • Rapid growth and invasive nature
    • German Shepherd dogs are at higher risk; rare in cats
    • Found in the spleen, heart, and skin, metastasis is common
    • Hemorrhage and collapse can occur if the tumor ruptures

    Neurofibrosarcoma

    • Originates from nerve sheaths
    • Slow-growing, but invasive
    • Metastasis is common

    Treatment

    • Surgical excision with wide margins: The preferred treatment
    • Radiation therapy: Used when tumors are not completely excisable
    • Hyperthermia treatment: Sometimes used alongside radiation or chemotherapy
    • Chemotherapy: Best used after incomplete excision; various agents can be employed

    Mast Cell Tumors (MCTs)

    • Cause:
      • Unknown
      • Some breeds are at higher risk.
      • Chronic inflammation and viruses may play a role.
    • Biological Behavior:
      • About half of dogs have well-differentiated tumors (grade 1) which can be cured with excision.
      • Undifferentiated tumors (grade II and III) are aggressive.
      • Tumors located in the preputial, inguinal, perineal, oral, and aural areas are more prone to aggression.
      • Slow-growing MCTs have a better prognosis.
      • Metastasis typically involves lymph nodes, spleen, and liver with potential bone marrow involvement.
      • Metastasis to the lungs is less frequent.
    • Clinical Signs:
      • Dogs: Single mass on the skin of the trunk, perineal area, extremities, or head and neck.
      • Cats: Single mass on the head and neck, but about 20% may have multiple masses.
      • Tumors are usually well-defined, raised, and can be hairless or ulcerated.
      • Subcutaneous tumors resemble lipomas.
      • Visceral MCTs can affect the spleen, intestine, liver, and lymph nodes. Presenting with anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea.
    • Diagnosis:
      • Complete blood count (CBC) to check for circulating mast cells (more common in dogs). There might be microcytic, hypochromic anemia if there's gastrointestinal bleeding.
      • Bone marrow aspirates if bone marrow involvement is suspected.
      • Abdominal radiographs to identify hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, or abdominal lymph node enlargement.
      • Fine-needle aspirates can be diagnostic, but histopathology is necessary to confirm complete excision and tumor grading

    Injection-Site Sarcomas (Feline)

    • Description:
      • Usually fibrosarcomas, but can be other sarcomas such as rhabdomyosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma (OSA), malignant fibrous histiocytoma, or undifferentiated sarcoma.
      • The number of giant cells correlates with the tumor grade.
      • Invasive and aggressive; metastasis is common.
    • Clinical Signs:
      • Depend on location, size, invasiveness, and the presence of metastases.
      • More common in older animals.
    • Diagnosis:
      • Malignant tumors grow quickly, are invasive, and have poorly defined borders.
      • Look for metastases.

    Other Tumors (General)

    • Description:
      • Often well-defined and raised.
      • May be hairless and ulcerated if subcutaneous resembling lipomas.
      • Visceral mast cell tumors can affect the spleen, intestines, liver, and lymphatic system, causing anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea.
    • Diagnosis:
      • Complete blood count (CBC) to check for circulating mast cells (more common in dogs). Might show microcytic, hypochromic anemia in cases of gastrointestinal bleeding.
      • Bone marrow aspirate when bone marrow involvement is suspected.
      • Abdominal radiographs may show hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, or abdominal lymph node enlargement.
      • Fine-needle aspirate is usually diagnostic, but histopathology is necessary for confirming excision completeness and tumor grading.

    Mast Cell Tumors (MCTs)

    • Cause:
      • Unknown
      • Higher risk in certain breeds: Boxers, Boston terriers, English bulldogs, English bull terriers, Chinese shar-peis, Labrador retrievers, golden retrievers.
      • MCTs in Boxers are usually well-differentiated.
      • Siamese cats have a high incidence of histiocytic MCT.
      • Chronic inflammation and viruses might play a role.
    • Biological Behavior:
      • Approximately half of dogs have well-differentiated grade 1 tumors, curable with excision.
      • Undifferentiated tumors are found in up to 40% of patients and are aggressive.
      • Tumors located in the preputial, inguinal, perineal, oral, and aural areas are more aggressive.
      • Slow-growing MCTs have a better prognosis.
      • Metastasis occurs in lymph nodes, spleen, and liver, with potential bone marrow involvement. Lung metastasis is uncommon.
      • In cats, most MCTs are well-differentiated.
      • Histiocytic MCT occurs in young cats and may spontaneously regress.
      • Visceral MCTs are aggressive and metastasize.
    • Clinical Signs:
      • Dogs: Solitary mass on the trunk, perineal area, extremities, or head and neck.
      • Cats: Solitary mass on the head and neck, multiple masses in about 20% of cases
      • Usually well-defined and raised, can be hairless and ulcerated.
      • Subcutaneous tumors resemble lipomas.
      • Visceral MCTs can affect the spleen, intestine, liver, and lymph nodes. Signs include anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea.
    • Diagnosis:
      • Complete blood count (CBC) for evidence of circulating mast cells (more common in dogs). Microcytic, hypochromic anemia can occur with gastrointestinal bleeding.
      • Bone marrow aspirate if bone marrow involvement is suspected.
      • Abdominal radiographs may show hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, or lymph node enlargement.
      • Fine-needle aspirate is often diagnostic, but histopathology is necessary to confirm complete excision and tumor grading.

    Mammary Gland Neoplasia

    • Cause:
      • Unknown. Genetics or a virus may play a role.
      • Dogs spayed before the first estrus have a significantly reduced risk.
      • Risk increases with each estrous cycle.

    Other Information (from the document)

    • Chondrosarcomas: More common in medium to large-breed dogs. Surgical resection increases survival time, but the long-term prognosis remains poor.
    • Fibrosarcomas and hemangiosarcomas: These are the second most common bone tumors in dogs after osteosarcomas.
    • Metastatic bone tumors:
      • Carcinomas are more likely to metastasize to bone.
      • Metastasis usually affects the diaphysis (shaft of a long bone), while primary bone tumors are generally in the metaphysic (growing end of the bone).
      • Prostatic carcinomas, transitional cell carcinomas, and mammary cell carcinomas have a tendency to metastasize to bone.

    Cat Tumor Prognosis

    • Tumor Size:
      • Greater than 3 cm: Median survival time (MST) of 4-5 months.
      • 2-3 cm: MST of 1-2 years.
      • Under 2 cm: MST of 3 years.

    Neurotoxic Cat

    • Cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil have been used in dogs, while cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin have been used in cats.

    Prognosis

    • Cats:
      • Tumor size is a critical factor affecting prognosis.
      • Cats with tumors larger than 3 cm have a poorer prognosis.
    • Dogs:
      • Histologic grade and stage are the most significant factors.
      • Invasive or metastatic tumors have an 80% mortality rate.
      • Most deaths occur within one year of surgery.
      • Approximately 26% of patients with benign tumors develop new masses within two years of initial surgery.
      • Poorly differentiated tumors have a poorer prognosis.
      • Ductular carcinomas metastasize more frequently than adenocarcinomas.

    Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Tumors

    • Prevalence: More common in older dogs and cats.
    • Common Site: The most common site for neoplasia in dogs, and the second most common site in cats.

    Cat Tumors

    • Tumor Size and Prognosis:
      • Greater than 3 cm: MST of 4-5 months
      • 2-3 cm: MST of 1-2 years
      • 3 years

    Chemotherapy

    • Cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil have been used in dogs.
    • Cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin have been used in cats.

    Prognosis (recapitulation)

    • Cats:
      • Tumor size is important.

      • 3 cm: Poorer prognosis.

    • Dogs:
      • Histologic grade and stage are most important.
      • Invasive or metastatic tumors have an 80% mortality rate.
      • Most deaths occur within one year of surgery.
      • Approximately 26% of patients with benign tumors develop new masses within two years of the initial surgery.
      • Poorly differentiated tumors have a poorer prognosis.
      • Ductular carcinomas metastasize more frequently compared with adenocarcinomas.

    Chapter 21 Oncology 303

    • Papillomas in Dogs:
      • Some papillomas in older dogs can transform into squamous cell carcinomas.
      • Papillomas in young dogs often regress spontaneously.
      • Surgical removal is recommended if they do not regress.

    Sebaceous Gland Tumors (Epithelial):

    • Origin: Epithelium of the sebaceous glands.
    • Common in Older Spaniels and Poodles: Rare in cats.
    • Adenoma: Wart-like growth, smooth, pink, and well-circumscribed Often ulcerated and bleeding.
    • Sebaceous Gland Adenocarcinomas: Invasive, and very rare. Metastasize to lymph nodes and lungs.
    • Treatment: Surgical excision is the treatment of choice. Carcinomas may require radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy.

    Perianal Tumors (Epithelial)

    • Origin: Perianal glands (sebaceous).

    • Common: Inolder dogs and cats, often associated with age.

    • Clinical Signs:

      • Dogs: Increased perineal swelling and discomfort, difficulty defecating, bleeding from the anus, a palpable mass.
      • Cats: Similar signs, but they are less common in cats.

    • Diagnosis:

      • Careful physical examination.
      • Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the tumor.
      • Abdominal radiographs to rule out metastasis.

    • Treatment:

      • Surgical removal, with or without chemotherapy depending on the tumor's agressiveness and the patient's health.
      • Some cases may respond to hormonal therapy, such as testosterone supplementation

    • Prognosis:

      • Depends on tumor size, grade, and the presence of metastasis.
      • Larger and higher-grade tumors have a poorer prognosis.

    • Note: Some information in the document is not complete, unclear, or missing context. My output uses estimations and best guesses to complete the missing information.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your knowledge on surgical procedures and cancer treatment methods. This quiz covers topics such as tumor surgery, radiotherapy, and specific drugs used in cancer therapy. Evaluate your understanding of the principles and terminology associated with surgical oncology.

    More Like This

    NURS 3450 ALG 3
    120 questions

    NURS 3450 ALG 3

    DefeatedSagacity avatar
    DefeatedSagacity
    Head and Neck Cancer Treatment Overview
    44 questions

    Head and Neck Cancer Treatment Overview

    ElatedEquation avatar
    ElatedEquation
    Cancro del colon-retto: Trattamenti e Chirurgia
    40 questions

    Cancro del colon-retto: Trattamenti e Chirurgia

    FlashyPearl avatar
    FlashyPearl
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser