Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which virus is associated with cervical cancer and preventable by vaccination?
Which virus is associated with cervical cancer and preventable by vaccination?
- Helicobacter pylori
- Hepatitis B virus
- Schistosoma japonicum
- Human papilloma virus (HPV) (correct)
Cancer causes more deaths than AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined.
Cancer causes more deaths than AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined.
True (A)
Name the study that focuses on the incidence and distribution of disease.
Name the study that focuses on the incidence and distribution of disease.
Epidemiology
A neoplasm that has the potential to progress to cancer if left untreated is called a ______.
A neoplasm that has the potential to progress to cancer if left untreated is called a ______.
Match the biological agents with their associated locations or conditions:
Match the biological agents with their associated locations or conditions:
Which of the following is NOT a form of cancer screening?
Which of the following is NOT a form of cancer screening?
Granulomas are used by parasites to help transport eggs into the gut.
Granulomas are used by parasites to help transport eggs into the gut.
What term describes a solid neoplasm that is not invasive?
What term describes a solid neoplasm that is not invasive?
What is the purpose of surgical margins in cancer treatment?
What is the purpose of surgical margins in cancer treatment?
A tumour can never recur after surgical excision.
A tumour can never recur after surgical excision.
What is meant by the term 'metastasis'?
What is meant by the term 'metastasis'?
The probability of survival five years after diagnosis is known as _____ .
The probability of survival five years after diagnosis is known as _____ .
Which mode of chemotherapy is used before surgical removal to shrink the tumour?
Which mode of chemotherapy is used before surgical removal to shrink the tumour?
Match the following chemotherapy types with their descriptions:
Match the following chemotherapy types with their descriptions:
What grading system is commonly used to assess cervical intraepithelial neoplasia?
What grading system is commonly used to assess cervical intraepithelial neoplasia?
Chemotherapy is a treatment method that uses radiation to kill cancer cells.
Chemotherapy is a treatment method that uses radiation to kill cancer cells.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of malignant neoplasms?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of malignant neoplasms?
Cigarette tobacco is associated with the development of cancer in several areas including the lung and bladder.
Cigarette tobacco is associated with the development of cancer in several areas including the lung and bladder.
What is the branch of medicine that studies, diagnoses, treats, and prevents cancer called?
What is the branch of medicine that studies, diagnoses, treats, and prevents cancer called?
Malignant neoplasms can spread to other locations in the body through the _____ or lymphatic system.
Malignant neoplasms can spread to other locations in the body through the _____ or lymphatic system.
Which of the following factors is associated with breast, vaginal, and endometrial carcinomas?
Which of the following factors is associated with breast, vaginal, and endometrial carcinomas?
Match the following carcinogenic substances with the types of cancer they are associated with:
Match the following carcinogenic substances with the types of cancer they are associated with:
Benign neoplasms do not invade surrounding tissues or metastasize.
Benign neoplasms do not invade surrounding tissues or metastasize.
Name one biological agent that can contribute to the development of cancer.
Name one biological agent that can contribute to the development of cancer.
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Study Notes
Surgical Procedures and Recurrence
- Surgical excision involves the removal of a tumor by a surgeon to prevent further growth.
- Recurrence refers to the appearance of a new tumor at the original site post-surgery.
- Surgical margins are assessed by a pathologist to determine if the tumor was fully excised (negative margins) or if remnants remain (positive margins).
Grading and Staging of Tumors
- Tumor grading, typically on a scale of 3, reflects how similar the tumor is to surrounding healthy tissue.
- Grading systems include Bethesda and Gleeson.
- Tumor staging, commonly on a scale of 4, indicates the degree of invasion within the body.
Oncology-related Terminology
- Metastasis is the development of new tumors away from the primary site.
- Transformation refers to the progression of a low-grade tumor into a higher-grade malignancy.
- Prognosis estimates the likelihood of successful treatment, usually expressible as a five-year survival rate post-diagnosis.
Chemotherapy Basics
- Primary chemotherapy serves as the sole treatment, especially effective for highly sensitive tumors.
- Concurrent chemotherapy is administered alongside radiation to enhance cancer cell vulnerability.
- Adjuvant chemotherapy follows surgical removal to eliminate microscopic residual cancer.
- Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is given before surgery to reduce tumor size for improved surgical outcomes.
Tumor Classification and Associated Risks
- Carcinomas arise from epithelial cells and are categorized as malignant tumors.
- Infectious agents associated with cancer include:
- Hepatitis B virus linked to liver cancer.
- Schistosoma japonicum, a parasite affecting gut and bladder.
- Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium associated with stomach cancer.
- Human papilloma virus (HPV), preventable by the Gardasil vaccine, linked to cervical cancer.
Epidemiology and Impact
- Epidemiology examines disease incidence and distribution, projecting 17 million cancer deaths by 2030, accounting for 13% of global deaths.
- Cancer ranks as a leading cause of death globally, surpassing deaths from AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined.
Tumors and Early Detection
- Tumors, defined as solid neoplasms, can be pre-malignant, having potential for progression to cancer without intervention.
- Pre-malignant conditions include atypia, dysplasia, and carcinoma in situ.
- Screening tests, such as mammograms, detect tumors in asymptomatic individuals.
- A definitive diagnosis requires biopsy and pathologist evaluation.
Cancer Definition and Characteristics
- Neoplasm indicates new growth, while malignant neoplasms show uncontrolled growth, invasion of adjacent tissues, and the potential to metastasize.
- Benign neoplasms are characterized by self-limiting growth without invasion or metastasis.
- Oncology focuses on cancer study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Aetiology and Contributing Factors
- Cancer causes are often elusive, but notable risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, diet, UV light exposure, infectious pathogens, and certain drugs.
- Specific causative agents associated with cancer include:
- Smoking linked to mouth, lung, and bladder cancers.
- UV exposure correlating with skin cancers.
- Asbestos exposure primarily linked to lung cancer.
- Oestrogen, a risk factor for breast and reproductive cancers.
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