Adult Health cancer
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of tumor necrosis factor produced by white blood cells?

  • To kill tumor cells without harming healthy cells (correct)
  • To promote blood clotting
  • To enhance immune response
  • To stimulate the growth of blood cells

    • Which type of bone marrow transplant uses the patient's own marrow?

  • Related donor transplantation
  • Syngeneic transplantation
  • Autologous transplantation (correct)
  • Allogenic transplantation

    • What type of environment is necessary before and during bone marrow transplantation?

  • Contaminated environment
  • Standard hospital environment
  • Outpatient care setting
  • Germ-free environment (correct)

    • What is a common emotional response patients may experience during the process of treatment?

    <p>Anxiety and depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended approach for supporting patients undergoing cancer treatment?

    <p>Encourage independence within reason</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for managing symptoms associated with neutropenia in cancer patients?

    <p>Colony stimulating factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lab results indicates anemia in a cancer patient?

    <p>Hemoglobin levels below 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nursing intervention is critical for a patient experiencing tumor lysis syndrome?

    <p>Begin hydration prior to treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used to prevent the formation of uric acid during chemotherapy for tumor lysis syndrome?

    <p>Allopurinol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During chemotherapy, a patient may experience late symptoms of tumor lysis syndrome. Which of the following is a late symptom?

    <p>Paresthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which grade of malignancy is characterized by no resemblance to parent tissue?

    <p>G4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'T' in the CAUTION warning signs of cancer signify?

    <p>Thickening or lump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is specifically used to evaluate for ovarian cancer?

    <p>CA-125</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of radiation therapy does not make the patient radioactive?

    <p>External beam radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effect is associated with external radiation treatment?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a screening test for cancer?

    <p>Transfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of laser or cryosurgery in cancer treatment?

    <p>Surgical intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cancers with limited local spread, which stage is indicated if it spreads extensively locally and regionally?

    <p>Stage 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary recommendation is made for patients following radiation treatment?

    <p>Hi-calorie, hi-protein diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical nursing intervention for a patient receiving sealed internal radiation?

    <p>Check the applicator every 4 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effective measure can be implemented to limit visitor exposure to a patient receiving unsealed internal radiation?

    <p>Limit visitors in number and duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect from chemotherapy is linked to low levels of infection-fighting neutrophils?

    <p>Neutropenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided to minimize the risk of infection in a patient experiencing neutropenia?

    <p>Contact with visitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precaution is necessary when handling body fluids of a patient undergoing unsealed internal radiation?

    <p>Wearing gloves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes malignant tumors compared to benign tumors?

    <p>They metastasize and can invade healthy tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important observation for a patient undergoing chemotherapy?

    <p>Signs of infection and increased temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing cancer?

    <p>Regular physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are potential side effects of chemotherapy?

    <p>Stomatitis and thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of carcinomas?

    <p>Are the most common type of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does primary prevention of cancer involve?

    <p>Adopting lifestyle changes to reduce risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage is designated for cancer that is localized and has not spread beyond its origin?

    <p>Stage 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer is classified as a blood-forming cancer?

    <p>Leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following risk factors is associated with a higher incidence of cancer among African Americans?

    <p>Obesity and inactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically characterizes benign tumors?

    <p>Resembles parent tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cancer Definition

    • Cancer is characterized by abnormal, uncontrolled cell division that invades and crowds out healthy tissue.
    • It is a non-discriminatory disease, meaning it can affect any tissue type.
    • It is the second leading cause of death in the U.S.
    • Higher incidence among African Americans.

    Risk Factors/Carcinogens

    • Smoking (including tobacco and e-cigarettes)
    • Diet high in fat, low in fiber, and inadequate nutrients
    • Obesity and inactivity
    • Ultraviolet radiation
    • Environmental and chemical carcinogens
    • Frequent heavy alcohol consumption
    • Genetics

    Comparison of Neoplasms (Malignant vs. Benign)

    • Malignant:*

    • Usually rapid growth

    • Metastasizes (spreads to other areas)

    • Outside capsule

    • Irregular, more immovable

    • Little resemblance to parent tissue

    • Invades tissue

    • May recur

    • Fatal without treatment

    • Benign:*

    • Slow growth

    • Localized

    • Encapsulated

    • Smooth, well-defined edges, movable

    • Resembles parent tissue

    • Crowds tissue

    • Rarely reoccurs after removal

    • Rarely fatal

    Spread of Cancer (Metastasis)

    • Diffusion to other body cavities
    • Circulation via blood or lymphatic system

    Forms of Cancer

    • Carcinoma: Most common type; arises from epithelial tissue (e.g., skin, lining of organs)
    • Sarcoma: Solid form; arises from connective tissue (e.g., bone, muscle, cartilage)
    • Blood-forming: Leukemias, lymphomas (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's), multiple myeloma

    Primary Prevention

    • Dietary changes
    • Lifestyle modifications

    Secondary Prevention

    • Screening tests:
      • SBE (Self breast exam)
      • Clinical breast exam
      • Mammograms
      • Digital rectal exams
      • Pap Smear
      • Stop smoking
      • Prostate exam and/or PSA
      • Self skin examination

    Classification of Malignancies (Grading and Staging)

    • Grading:*

    • GX: Normal tissue

    • G1: Well-differentiated

    • G2: Moderately differentiated

    • G3: Poorly differentiated

    • G4: Undifferentiated/poor resemblance to parent tissue

    • Staging:*

    • Stage 0: Cancer in situ (confined to original site)

    • Stage 1-4: Increasing extent from localized to regional spread to metastasis

    Warning Signs of Cancer

    • Change in bowel or bladder habits
    • Sore that does not heal
    • Unusual bleeding or discharge
    • Thickening or lump
    • Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
    • Obvious change in wart or mole
    • Nagging cough or hoarseness
    • White patches on tongue or inside mouth

    Know Your ABCDE's (Skin Cancer)

    • Asymmetry: One half doesn't match the other
    • Border: Irregular borders
    • Color: Variety of colors (brown, tan, black)
    • Diameter: Larger than a pencil eraser (1/4 inch)
    • Evolution: Change in size, shape, color, elevation

    Diagnostic/Screening Tests

    • Pap smear
    • Biopsy
    • Bronchoscopy
    • EGD/colonoscopy/flexible sigmoidoscopy
    • Mammograms
    • GI series (UGI, BE)
    • CT scans
    • PET scans
    • MRI
    • Ultrasounds
    • Radioisotope studies
    • Lab tests (e.g., CEA, CA-125, PSA, CA-19-9, occult blood test)

    Treatment - Surgery

    • Often primary, curative, palliative, or diagnostic
    • Newer techniques include laser and cryosurgery

    Treatment - Radiation

    • Damages DNA and disrupts cell division in cancerous cells, and occasionally normal cells nearby.
    • Can be used alone or as an adjunct therapy.
      • External Beam: Patient is not radioactive, sites marked with ink, shielded areas. Side effects include radiation sickness, stomatitis, alopecia, cystitis, bone marrow depression, and pneumonitis.
      • Sealed Internal Radiation: Implants are placed near cancer site. Types include vaginal/uterus, head and neck. Nursing interventions focus on shielding, avoiding certain activities, and monitoring.
      • Unsealed Internal Radiation: Patient is a source of radioactivity. Nursing interventions require using specific utensils, limiting visitors, and appropriate precautions and hygiene.

    Treatment - Chemotherapy

    • Acts systemically, affecting both cancerous and healthy cells, especially those in the GI system.
    • Aims for cure, control, or palliative care. Common side effects include leukopenia, stomatitis, thrombocytopenia, alopecia, and assessing for infection.

    Treatment - Targeted Therapy / Biotherapy

    • Uses immunotherapy, human growth factors, and biological response modifiers, like interferons, interleukins, and tumor necrosis factor.
    • Aims for antitumor effects via activating a variety of responses.
    • Colony stimulating factors (e.g., G-CSF) promote growth of blood cells (granulocytes, RBCs).

    Treatment - Bone Marrow Transplant

    • Replaces diseased or damaged bone marrow with healthy marrow. Types include autologous (patient's own marrow), allogenic (compatible donor tissue), syngeneic (identical twins), and related/unrelated donors.
    • Pre-transplant treatment typically involves chemo and/or radiation. Precautions for germ-free environment and recovery time are necessary.

    Emotional Support

    • Understanding the patient's perspective.
    • Addressing anxiety, depression, and potential feelings of punishment associated with the illness.
    • Encouraging patient progress and understanding the grieving process.
    • Providing support groups and encouraging participation in self-help groups.

    Rehab

    • Encouraging patients to return to normal activities
    • Supporting independence as much as possible

    Other Key Considerations (from various slides)

    • Cancer classifications: Carcinoma, sarcoma, blood-forming
    • Warning signs: Comprehensive list across various body systems
    • Cancer stages: Described as Stage 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4
    • Treatment focus: Comfort, altered body image, nutrition, chemotherapy, evaluate response, respite for caretakers
    • Review of ATI AMS cancer chapters.
    • Tumor lysis syndrome: Emergency associated with rapid cancer cell death, including electrolyte imbalances (hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia). Nursing interventions involve hydration and medications (e.g., allopurinol)
    • Anemia with chemotherapy: Potential for low hemoglobin levels (anemia) as a complication requiring rest, nutrition, and in some cases blood transfusions
    • Neutropenia: Low white blood cell count, increasing risk of infection; treatment involves medications like colony stimulating factors. Nursing interventions focus on preventing infection and promoting hygiene.

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    Adult Health Cancer PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the functions and treatments related to cancer management. This quiz covers topics like tumor necrosis factor, bone marrow transplants, emotional responses, and nursing interventions during cancer treatment. Enhance your understanding of crucial aspects in oncology care.

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